AO1

• What is attachment in the context of infant-caregiver relationships?

  A strong emotional bond between two people
• Why do infants develop attachments to their caregivers?

  To maintain proximity and reduce distress
• Who defined attachment as a close emotional relationship characterized by mutual affection?

  Schaffer (1993)
• What are the four characteristics of attachment identified by Maccoby (1980)?

  Seeking proximity, distress on separation, pleasure when reunited, behavior oriented towards caregiver
• What developmental areas can be affected if a child does not develop an attachment?

  Physical, intellectual, emotional, and social development
• What is the significance of caregiver-infant interactions from an early age?

  They are important for social development and attachment
• What does reciprocity in caregiver-infant interactions refer to?

  Mutual responses between mother and infant
• How do infants signal their needs to caregivers?

  Through regular signals that elicit responses
• What did Feldman find about interactions between babies and caregivers?

  They spent time in intense and pleasurable interactions
• What happens to mother-infant interactions around three months of age?

  They become more frequent and involve close attention
• How does Brazleton et al describe the interaction between infant and caregiver?

  As a 'dance' reflecting mutual responses
• What is interactional synchrony in the context of mother-infant interactions?

  When actions and emotions mirror each other
• What did Isabella (1989) find about synchrony and attachment quality?

  High synchrony is linked to better attachment quality
• What did Meltzoff and Moore (1977) observe in infants regarding interactional synchrony?

  Infants responded to adult facial expressions and gestures
• What did Murray & Trevarthen (1985) find about infants' reactions to non-responsive mothers?

  Infants grew distressed at lack of response
• How did Jean Piaget (1962) criticize Meltzoff and Moore's proposal on imitation?

  He suggested imitation was 'pseudo-imitation'
• What is the main method used in observational research?

  Researchers watch or listen to participants
• What is a strength of covert observations?

  Behavior is more natural
• What is a disadvantage of naturalistic observations?

  Little control over external variables
• What is the difference between participant and non-participant observations?

  Participant observes while being part of the group
• What are structured observations?

  Observations organized with a system
• What is the purpose of behavioral categories in observational research?

  To break behavior into measurable components
• What is event sampling in observational research?

  Counting how many times a behavior occurs
• What is time sampling in observational research?

  Recording behaviors in a given time frame