learning (behaviourist/social) approach

• What is the main premise of behaviourism?

  Behaviour is a learned response to stimuli
• Who are the three key figures associated with behaviourism?

  Pavlov, Skinner, and Bandura
• What is classical conditioning?

  Learning through association
• What was the main experiment conducted by Pavlov in the 1920s?

  Conditioning dogs to drool at a sound
• What happens when a dog sees food according to Pavlov's experiment?

  The dog drools in response
• What is the sequence of events in Pavlov's classical conditioning?

  Sound + food → drool; sound alone → drool
• What did Pavlov do to condition the dog to drool at the sound alone?

  Introduced food and sound simultaneously
• What was the outcome when Pavlov took the food away?

  The sound alone still made the dog drool
• What is operant conditioning?

  Learning through reinforcement
• What experiment did Skinner conduct in the 1930s?

  Conditioning rats to press a lever for food
• What happens when the light is on in Skinner's experiment?

  The rat presses the lever to stop shock
• What is positive reinforcement in Skinner's experiment?

  The rat receives food for pressing the lever
• What is negative reinforcement in Skinner's experiment?

  The rat stops receiving shock by pressing the lever
• What are the key differences between classical and operant conditioning?

  • Classical conditioning: Learning through association
  • Operant conditioning: Learning through reinforcement
• What theory did Bandura develop in 1977?

  Social learning theory
• What does social learning theory emphasize?

  Learning through role models and actions
• What action did the adult perform on the bobo doll?

  Physically punched the bobo doll
• What was the children's reaction to watching the adult's actions?

  They copied the adult's actions
• Why were toys removed from the children during the experiment?

  To aggravate them before interacting with the doll
• What did the child do when alone with the bobo doll?

  Copied the adult's actions
• What are the key components of Bandura's Bobo doll experiment?

  • Adult demonstrates aggressive behavior
  • Children observe the adult's actions
  • Toys are removed to provoke frustration
  • Children imitate the adult's aggression on the doll
• What is classical conditioning?

  A form of learning through association
• How does classical conditioning work?

  A neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus
• What does UCS stand for?

  Unconditioned stimulus
• What does UCR stand for?

  Unconditioned response
• What does CS stand for?

  Conditioned stimulus
• What does CR stand for?

  Conditioned response
• What triggers an unconditioned response (UCR)?

  An unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
• What is an example of an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

  Smell of food
• What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?

  A stimulus that does not produce a response
• What is an example of an unconditioned response (UCR)?

  Salivation
• What happens when an individual experiences UCS and CS together repeatedly?

  The UCS is no longer needed for conditioning
• What is an example of a conditioned stimulus (CS)?

  Sound of a rat
• What is a conditioned response (CR)?

  The response produced by the CS
• How does classical conditioning differ from operant conditioning?

  Classical conditioning involves association, operant involves consequences
• What is positive reinforcement?

  Increases behavior probability through rewards
• What is operant conditioning?

  A form of learning shaped by consequences
• How does positive reinforcement work in behavior modification?

  By providing praise or rewards
• What can positive reinforcement lead to in terms of behavior?

  Increased likelihood of behavior repetition
• What is an example of positive reinforcement?

  Praise from parents