cognitive approach

• What does the term "cognitive" refer to in psychology?

  Mental processing
• How do humans process information according to the cognitive approach?

  They take in information and blend it together
• What analogy does the cognitive approach use to describe human functioning?

  Humans are compared to computers
• What does the brain represent in the cognitive approach analogy?

  Hardware
• What is the process flow in the cognitive approach?

  • Input: Information received
  • Processing: Information blended and transformed
  • Output: New thoughts generated
• What role does software play in the cognitive approach?

  It changes information from one format to another
• In the cognitive approach, what happens to information after it is processed?

  It results in new thoughts
• How does the cognitive approach view the relationship between input and output?

  Input is transformed into output through processing
• What does reconstructive memory imply?

  Memories are reconstructions, not recordings.
• What is the key concept of the cognitive approach regarding memory?

  Memory is reconstructive.
• How do we reconstruct memories?

  We combine parts into a meaningful whole.
• What is the significance of fake memories in cognitive psychology?

  They illustrate how memories can be distorted.
• What example illustrates fake memories?

  Lost in a shopping centre as a child.
• What role do parents play in the creation of false memories?

  They can confirm false memories, influencing recall.
• What was the university campus photo experiment about?

  50% claimed they were present after 3 weeks.
• What is a schema in cognitive psychology?

  A mental package of beliefs and expectations.
• How does rationalization function in memory recall?

  It justifies unacceptable behavior with logical reasons.
• What is confabulation in memory?

  Filling gaps in recall with fabrications accepted as fact.
• What happens during the shortening of memories?

  Parts that don't fit schemas are omitted.
• What was the aim of Bartlett's "War of the Ghosts" study?

  • To see if recall from memory is reconstructive.
  • Participants read a story and recalled it later.
  • Findings showed transformation via shortening, rationalization, and confabulation.
• What was the procedure in Bartlett's study?

  20 British participants read a story twice.
• What did Bartlett find in his study?

  Memory recall was transformed through various processes.
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Bartlett's research?

  Strengths:

  • Explains issues with eyewitness testimony.
  • Evidence of memory transformation processes.

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Not all recall is affected by reconstructive memory.
• What did Loftus and Palmer (1974) study?

  Influence of wording on eyewitness testimony.
• How did Loftus and Palmer conduct their study?

  Participants watched films and answered questions.
• What was the result of Loftus and Palmer's study?

  Speed estimates were influenced by the verb used.
• What is recognition in memory?

  Identifying someone from previous encounters.
• What are the types of memory cues?

  • Meaningful cues: trigger specific memories.
  • Non-meaningful cues: unrelated to memory retrieval.
• What is free recall?

  Remembering information without specific prompts.
• What is cued recall?

  Retrieving information using words or cues.
• What is cognitive priming?

  Processing a stimulus quickly after prior exposure.
• What is semantic priming?

  Facilitation of response due to related words.
• What was the procedure in Harris et al.'s study?

  Children watched cartoons with or without food ads.
• What did Harris et al. (2009) study?

  Priming effects of food advertising on children.
• What were the findings of Harris et al.'s study?

  Children exposed to food ads ate more snacks.
• What is a cognitive script?

  • A guide for behavior in specific situations.
  • Example: behavior in a restaurant.
  • Includes manners, respect, and awareness.
• What is person perception?

  • Memory of personality characteristics.
  • Guides impressions of others.
  • Involves assumptions and categorization.
• What are cognitive biases?

  • Errors in processing information.
  • Affect what we notice and remember.
  • Influence decision-making.
• What is the fundamental attribution error (FAE)?

  Focusing on personal characteristics in judgments.
• What is confirmation bias?

  Favoring information that supports existing beliefs.