Carbonyl Chemistry (Carbonyl Group Reactions)

• What are the sources of aldehydes and ketones?

  They come from various organic reactions
• What is the reactivity of the carbonyl group?

  It is highly reactive due to polarization
• What is nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group?

  A reaction where nucleophiles attack the carbonyl carbon
• How is the carbonyl group activated?

  By increasing its electrophilicity through various methods
• What happens during nucleophilic addition to aldehydes?

  Nucleophiles add to the carbonyl carbon of aldehydes
• What is the addition of hydrogen in nucleophilic addition to aldehydes?

  It involves the reduction of the carbonyl group
• What distinguishes aldehydes from ketones?

  Aldehydes have a terminal carbonyl group
• What types of nucleophiles can be used in reactions with carbonyl groups?

  Various nucleophiles including hydrides and organometallics
• What are the key differences between aldehydes and ketones?

  • Aldehydes: terminal carbonyl group
  • Ketones: internal carbonyl group
  • Aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones
• What are the steps involved in nucleophilic addition to carbonyl compounds?

  1. Nucleophile attacks carbonyl carbon
  2. Formation of a tetrahedral intermediate
  3. Protonation of the intermediate
  4. Formation of the alcohol or other product