KQ2

• China: Migration Patterns

  Top source of Chinese immigrants is Vietnam and the top destination for Chinese emigrants is the USA

  Human trafficking of women to meet the men's demand (31 mil more men than women). Most are from the Philippines Net overseas migration of 64,320 people from China to Australia in 2023
• History of Migration in China

  Pre-1949 - Gold rush caused emigration from China to the USA and Australia, there were also very strict immigration laws in China so population decreased

  1979 - Relaxed the policies and opened up the Chinese economy 2012 - Entry-Exit law, they controlled immigrants and introduced fines or imprisonment for irregular migrants
• Opportunities from migration to/from China

  40% Chinese exports go to Angola as well as plentiful workers for the labour force, in return China gains access to valuable resources like Oil

  Economic: African students in China = Brain Gain + more skilled workers and better jobs

  Social: Irregular migration of women means there's not so many excess men

  Political: Africa has many schools that teach Mandarin - China is becoming a 'soft power' and by educating people about the culture they're able to make connections between countries and have access to resources
• Challenges with migration to/from China Migrant workers get low wages Richer population emigrate heightening social inequality and wealth divide Bad international reputation for China because they don't stop irregular migration (they benefit from it too much)
• Top 3 source countries for migration into China Vietnam, South Korea, Philippines
• Top 3 destination countries for migration out of China USA, South Korea, Japan
• What's the problem with data reliability in China? It's a country of over 1.4 billion people but has no unified or centralised reporting system so data is gathered at a local level and may be biased towards political expectations
• Number of emigrants in China 10.5 million ranking China 4th in number of emigrants
• How does the concept of 'bare branches' impact migration to China? Bare branches are the single 'excess men' in Chinese society due to the lack of women. This increases trafficking of women from nearby Thailand and Myanmar which increases immigration rate
• Patterns of African migration to China African migrants are attracted to Guangzhou in the Guangdong province because of its leading economy. High immigration rate with an easy visa process with no questions about background or income
• Why does the Philippines rely on migration to China? Overseas Filipino workers contributed $28.1 billion in 2017 to the Philippine economy. Remittances are high through the higher Chinese wages for Philippine English teachers. The Philippines are short of 3.9 million skilled workers and China gives people education so migrants return with skills
• Why is China reliant on the Philippines? Philippine workers can fill lower paying job positions. English being an official language of the Philippines, China benefits from Philippine English teachers
• "What is ""soft power""?" China's soft-power strategy focuses on promoting its culture with the hopes that foreigners will take up traditional customs to influence foreign countries to make connections with China
• Example of inter-regional migration India to USA, there were 2,700,000 migrants in mid 2020. This was because Indian families are typically well educated and so can get higher paying jobs in the USA.
• Example of intra-regional migration Myanmar to Thailand. 10% of Thailand's workforce are migrants from Asia and over half of these are from Myanmar. This is because many migrants from Myanmar live below the poverty line and seek Thailand's growing economy.
• How much do Indian-born immigrants make up the quaternary sector in the US? 76%
• What was the median household income of Indian immigrants in the US in 2019? $132,000
• What was the median household income for all immigrant and US households in 2019? $64,000 and $66,000
• What percentage of low-skilled migrant workers in Thailand are Burmese? 69%
• What percentage of Myanmar's remittances come from Thailand? Over 50%
• How many environmental migrants are there estimated to be by 2050? The UN estimates that there could be between 25 million and 1 billion
• How much of El Salvador's coast is projected to be lost by 2100? Between 10% and 28%
• What does Professor Mastrojeni say are the 2 main types of environmental change? Gradual, long term disasters like desertification, soil fertility or coastal erosion. The second is immediate disasters like volcanic eruptions.
• How many forcibly displaced people are there worldwide (as of 2024)? 122.6 million as a result of persecution, conflict, violence or human rights violations
• How many internally displaced people are there worldwide? 68.3 million
• How many asylum seekers are there worldwide? 8 million
• How many refugees are there worldwide? 37.9 million
• What is the UNHCR? The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
• What are the countries most refugees come from? 65% of all refugees come from Syria, Venezuela, Ukraine and Afghanistan.
• Which countries hosted almost one-third of the world’s refugees? Colombia, Germany, Iran, Turkey and Uganda.
• What percentage of refugees are hosted by LIDCs and EDCs? 71% - 22% of asylum is provided by the least developed countries.
• How many stateless people were there in 2023? 4.4 million, residing in 97 countries. Though the true global figure is estimated to be higher
• How many international migrants are of working age (between 15 and 64 years old)? around 78%
• What are the 3 countries that 52% of immigrants originate from? Syria, Afghanistan and Ukraine
• What are the main reasons for a large number of refugees? Conflict, political persecution, economic hardship, impacts of natural hazards
• What percentage of asian migrants were male in 2020? 58.2%, compared to 41.8% female.
• What percentage of global migrants were male in 2020? 51.9%, with 48.1% female migrants
• Why is the number of female migrants increasing globally? There's greater female independence due to changing norms in some patriarchal societies. In Myanmar, women were permitted to register to work abroad in 2009. There's also an increase in entire families, including the women, fleeing countries e.g. the Rohingya refugees in Syria. Family reunification is also a factor.
• How many governments have policies to encourage the return of their emigrants? 72% E.g. Mexico has 13 million of its citizens living abroad and it aims to attract its migrants back through job opportunities through programmes like Sembrando Vida 
• How many governments have policies on emigration? What are they? 36% of global governments don't have a policy on emigration, 23% have policies to maintain current levels, 9% have policies to raise emigration levels and 32% have policies to lower the current levels.