KQ3

• What is the capital of Nigeria? Abuja
• Key events in Nigeria's migration timeline : Pre 1891 Slave trade made emigration high, during the 15th century, 12 million people were 'exported' as slaves from west and eastern Africa to the European colony
• Key events in Nigeria's migration timeline: Colonial Era Immigration to the UK from Nigeria for large labour force. Immigration from neighbouring countries into Nigeria to work in the mines, plantations and newly discovered petrol industry in the Niger Delta region
• Key events in Nigeria's Migration Timeline: 1970s - 80s In the 70s there was an influx of immigrants due to Nigeria's oil wealth bringing employment In 1980, Nigeria approved the ECOWAS protocol on free movement of goods, capital and people but oil prices decreased and economy faced a downturn with political conflict. This was blamed on labour migrants so many ECOWAS citizens were expelled or simply emigrated due to the hardships
• How do Nigerians benefit from traders in Guangzhou and vice versa? Nigerians are able to set up business and be profitable. Nigeria benefits from remittances sent back which can increase economic stability. Guangzhou benefits from Nigerian traders investing money into the local economy through consumerism - they also buy warehouses. Nigerian traders provide job opportunities in Guangzhou
• Patterns of migration in the US Migrant flows in the 18th century were mainly from British colonisers, African slaves and then intraregional migration in the USA. Number of African immigrants decreased due to ban on slavery in early 1800s. In the 1850s immigrants from china arrived from hearing about the gold rush, Irish people came too because of the Great Famine. After WWI the US introduced quotas to reduce numbers of immigrants. It was removed in 1965. Asian immigration quadrupled in 1970s.
• US regular immigration history From 1820 to 1959, Europeans were the largest proportion of immigrants in the US, later on, from 1960 onwards there was a growing number of American immigrants and Asian immigrants that make up majority proportions of total immigrants to the US. The overall trend has been an increase in immigration with the highest cumulative immigrant count of all continents being in 2000-2009 with just over 9 million immigrants.
• US politics 2014 to 2021 influencing their net migration.

  In 2014, Obama announced an executive action on immigration reform which granted temporary work permits and indefinite deportation exemptions to four million undocumented immigrants providing some migrant security. However, when trump was elected (2017) he created the ""Muslim travel ban"" which prohibited the travel and refugee resettlement from predominately Muslim countries. Similar to what happened in 1924. In 2021, Biden gave 10.5 million undocumented migrants legal status, like Obama.
• Top source countries for USA immigrants Mexico (10.5 million), India (2.7 million) and China (2.2 million)
• Top destination countries for USA emigrants Mexico (800,000), UK (170,000) and Germany (150,000)
• Describe the management at the US-Mexico Border It is difficult to cross the border because of the Chihuahuan desert. The US border patrol agency employs around 22,000 agents. Traffic checkpoints are conducted on major highways, transportation checks and drone technology with facial recognition are management strategies. Since 1990, the annual budget of the US border patrol has increased by 1800%
• What was the effect of Trump's Muslim travel ban? Between 2017 and 2018, the number of permanent visas given every month to nationals of Iran, Libya, Somalia, Syria, and Yemen fell by 72%, according to the Migration Policy Institute. Collectively, those countries are more than 92% Muslim.
• What are the US Diversity visas? Each year, around 50,000 people receive green cards through the US diversity visa programme. Since the programme began in 1995, more than 1 million immigrants have received green cards through the scheme. The aim is to diversify the US immigrant population. Trump has sought to eliminate this programme.
• Examples of interdependence between Mexico and the USA Mexico receives over $50 billion in remittances each year from immigrants in the US, this makes up about 4.3% of Mexican GDP. Most immigrants from Mexico live in California, Texas, Illinois and Arizona.
• Examples of interdependence between China and the USA 2.8 million Chinese immigrants in the US, one pull factor is that Chinese immigrants are likely to be more educated, gain managerial positions and therefore are more likely to get lawful permanent residence. Chinese workers in the USA make up 60% of the quaternary sector.
• How has Trump's administration declined the number of Chinese immigrants in the US? The number of Chinese immigrants in the US peaked at almost 2.5 million in 2019, it fell to under 2.4 million in 2021. This decline was mainly due to Trump's restrictions on migration from China in 2020, with tighter visa rules for international students and foreign workers.
• Opportunities from international migration for the USA Immigrant populations take many of the low-paid jobs which Americans find unattractive. In 2013, the main employment of Mexican immigrants was in services (31%). Immigrants are consumers which helps job creation and business start-ups. Most immigrants to the USA are young, working age groups which contributes to the tax base. If federal labour and immigration policies reduced the number of foreign-born workers by 50%, 3500 dairy farms would close.
• Challenges of international migration for the USA Where immigrant populations are concentrated, supply of resources and services can be an issue. e.g. adding demand for water supply in southern California. Also, there has been uneven progress in the integration of immigrant groups into US society, this can be a barrier to economic and political integration.
• Irregular migration to the US The Migration Policy Institute estimates there were about 11 million unauthorized immigrants in the US in 2019, almost half lived in just 3 states, California, Texas and New York. The unauthorized immigrants' top countries of birth were Mexico, El Salvador and Guatemala.
• How many people were employed at immigrant-owned businesses in the US in 2017? 8 million
• How does the US control migration? Strict visas, passports and border control
• Top source countries for Nigerian immigrants Benin, Ghana, Mali and Niger
• Top destination countries for Nigerian emigrants USA, UK, Cameroon and Niger
• How much do international migrants make up the population of Nigeria? 0.6%
• What is Nigeria's net migration rate? -0.29 per 1000 population
• How important are remittances for Nigeria compared to the USA and China The USA's remittances only make up 0.03% of its GDP, and China's only make up 0.13% of theirs. Nigeria's remittances make up 4.5% of their GDP so there's a higher reliance on them.
• Push factors for Nigeria's migration To join diaspora abroad to provide for families. Poverty and unemployment with youth unemployment being problematic outside of cities. Large and growing population. Corruption and instability in Northern Nigeria from the jihadist group Boko Haram. Dwindling resources e.g. Lake Chad which has shrunk by 90% since 1990
• Pull factors for Nigeria's migration Language, e.g. Ghana is also an Anglophone nation. Nigeria is an economic powerhouse in Western Africa so migrants from poorer neighbouring states seek opportunities here. Instability in neighbouring countries e.g. Cameroon. Freedom of movement under ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States)
• Why is human trafficking a major problem in the Edo state? Because unemployment is so high and people want jobs.
• Why are fewer Nigerian migrants heading to Europe irregularly? The EU cracked down on irregular migrants in the Mediterranean sea, sending them back to Niger.
• What's the border like between Nigeria and Niger? Just a few logs separating both countries. You can cross them with a fee of less than $1
• How is Trump's travel ban affecting Nigerians? Nigerians will no longer be able to obtain visas that allow them to immigrate to the US permanently
• How many Nigerian-born people are in the UK? Over 270,000 which is 0.5% of the population of England and Wales
• What is Little Lagos? Peckham in Southwark. The first wave of Nigerians settled there in the 1970s, when the Nigerian economy plummeted following the end of the oil-boom era
• How much do Nigerians spend on primary and secondary schools in the UK each year? More than £300 million
• Examples of interdependence between Nigeria and the UK Having a large Nigerian diaspora within the UK helps increased trade between the two countries. This trade earned £6.7 billion in 2022. Also the number of students from Nigeria, who pay international fees, has raised by 686% since 2020. Nigerians are also the 4th most common nationality of NHS staff.
• Why are Chinese people emigrating to Australia? Chinese people account for 2.1% of Australia's population. Some reasons for emigrating are the clean air and lifestyle and the rise of China's middle class has brought about higher levels of education and English-language ability which makes it easier to integrate
• US politics Pre 1924 to 2000 influencing their migration.

  Before 1924, immigrants could enter the US without official permission. In 1924, the congress adopted a "whites only" immigration system and added border control between the US-Mexico border. In 1965, Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act which ended caps on the number of immigrants allowed from a given origin country. Regular immigration grew 60% over the next 2 decades with most coming from Latin America.  In 1994, they built barriers and fences on the Mexico border.