mic

• What process describes transcription?

  RNA → protein
• What is false about DNA replication?

  Replication is conservative
• Which cycle is involved in specialized transduction?

  Lysogenic cycle
• Which direction do polymerases synthesize DNA?

  5’ → 3’ direction
• What is incorrect about replication and transcription comparison?

  Both operate in the 5’ → 3’ direction
• What regions do RNA polymerases detect to initiate transcription?

  -35 region and Pribnow box
• What is false about mutations?

  Mutations are beneficial to bacteria
• What type of mutation substitutes a purine with a pyrimidine?

  Transverse mutation
• Which mutation has the most devastating effects?

  Frameshift mutation
• What process involves the uptake of free DNA from the environment?

  Transformation
• What term refers to microorganisms causing disease?

  Pathogenesis
• What is an example of an endogenous source of pathogens?

  1. coli inside the intestines
• What type of adhesin uses pili for attachment?

  Type IV pili
• What is the lipopolysaccharide in Gram-negative bacteria an example of?

  Endotoxin
• What does hemolytic activity of bacteria exemplify?

  Exotoxin
• What mechanisms are seen in chemical microbial agents?

  All of the above
• What type of control do sulfa drugs like sulfamethoxazole represent?

  Bacteriostatic
• What information can be obtained from antimicrobial activity using solid media?

  Zones of inhibition for resistance
• What agents kill microorganisms safely on living tissues?

  Germicides
• Why is 70% ethyl alcohol more effective than 95%?

  Both A and B
• What is the spectrum activity of penicillin antibiotics?

  Narrow-spectrum activity
• How does the combination of Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim act?

  Target folic acid metabolism
• What mechanism does Rifampin target?

  Target nucleic acid synthesis
• What is false about cephalosporins compared to penicillin?

  More resistance to lysozyme
• Which is the odd one out based on mechanism of action?

  Rifampin
• Which is the odd one out based on effect?

  Amoxicillin
• What mechanism does Tetracycline target?

  Target protein synthesis
• What molecule is found in fungal cell membranes?

  Ergosterol
• What is NOT found in fungal cell walls?

  Ergosterol
• What is NOT a mode of asexual reproduction by fungi?

  Production of gametangia
• What is false about fungi?

  Fungi are affected by antibiotics
• What causes the visible tuft in mold colonies?

  Mycelium
• How does Amphotericin B target fungal pathogens?

  Binds to ergosterol
• What mechanism does Flucytosine target?

  Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis
• How does Itraconazole target fungal pathogens?

  Prevents ergosterol biosynthesis
• What statements are correct about viruses?

  All of the above
• What part of viruses is pinched off from the host cell membrane?

  Envelope
• What is false about enveloped viruses?

  Both B and C
• What is the correct order of the viral replication cycle?

  I -> IV -> III -> II -> V
• What phase in viral replication sees a dramatic increase in virions?

  Maturation phase