What is the March of Progress perspective on childhood?
Argues that the position of childhood in Western societies is steadily improving, over the past few centuries.
Give reasons for childhood changing.
Legal improvements: work improvements e.g. child labour laws and compulsory education.Protection and welfare services e.g. minister for children and families.
Provide AO3 analysis on reasons for childhood changing.
Too much control and restriction can lead to rebellion, which aren't improvements in childhood. This results in helicopter parenting and children with a lack of resilience.
Explain Hillman's and Brooke's theory of inequality between children.
Found that boys are more likely to be allowed out after dark alone. Brooke found girls in lone parent families were 5 times more likely to do housework than boys.
Explain class inequality between children.
Children of unskilled workers = 3 times more likely to die in infancy, be hyperactive and be placed on the child protection register.
Provide some AO3 analysis on the march of progress view on childhood.
It's false because society is based on conflict and inequality, with children facing conflicts over grades, attention, and authority from parents
Explain Diana Gittins's theory of age patriarchy.
Adult domination over children. Exerting too much control over children's time, space and money, may prevent them from becoming independent.
Explain how Adults have control over children's space.
In industrial societies, children face strict movement controls and surveillance, with fears of road safety reducing independent travel. Cindi Katz - Rural Sudanese children roam freely in the village.
Explain how Adults have control over children's bodies.
Their behaviour, appearance and touch are controlled by parents. This contrasts with the sexual freedoms enjoyed by children in some non-industrial cultures e.g. Trobriand islands.
Define the terms 'Acting up' and 'Acting down'.
Down: The child acting younger than they are.
up: Children acting like adults.
Explain How acting up and down shows children might find childhood oppressive.
Hockey and James conclude that childhood is a status most children want to escape.
Provide some AO3 analysis on Hockey and James' theory.
Critics argue some adult control is needed to protect children, who are less powerless due to legal rights. Abuse includes physical, psychological, neglect, emotional, and sexual harm.
NSCPCC: found in 2011 , 1 in 5 children had been severely maltreated during childhood most by a parent or guardian.