2Y contemporary issues - one health

• What is the integrated approach of One Health aimed at optimizing?

  Health of people, animals, and ecosystems
• What are the principles of One Health?

  Equity, sustainability, stewardship, collaboration
• Which sectors does One Health address?

  Human, animal, and environmental health
• What interconnected challenges does One Health address?

  Clean water, safe food, climate action, biodiversity
• What are the key components of One Health?

  Communication, collaboration, coordination, capacity building
• What is the evolution of concepts leading to One Health?

  1. One Medicine: commonalities in human & veterinary medicine
  2. One Health: health interdependence of humans, animals, ecosystems
  3. EcoHealth: systems-based approaches in socio-ecological contexts
  4. Current One Health (Planetary Health): links between human civilization & natural systems
• What percentage of emerging human diseases are zoonoses?

  75%
• What are the drivers of zoonoses?

  Land-use change, agricultural practices, climate change
• How did the Nipah Virus emerge?

  From pig farms near mango plantations
• How does mass vaccination affect rabies transmission?

  Reduces transmission and human deaths
• What is the impact of increasing global demand for meat and dairy?

  Linked to unsustainable diets
• What is the prevalence of childhood stunting in South Asia?

  Common due to underconsumption
• How does One Health contribute to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

  Aids in poverty alleviation and climate action
• What are key pathogens associated with emerging diseases?

  Ebola, SARS-CoV-2, avian influenza
• What characteristics dominate emerging zoonotic diseases?

  Zoonoses and RNA viruses are overrepresented
• How does land-use change contribute to disease emergence?

  Deforestation and agricultural intensification increase spillover
• What is the impact of endemic zoonotic diseases on communities?

  Affects poor communities and livestock health
• What are barriers to controlling endemic zoonotic diseases?

  Lack of data and limited diagnostics
• What is an example of an endemic zoonotic disease?

  Malignant Catarrhal Fever
• What are the challenges in One Health?

  Collaboration, funding, and community engagement
• What opportunities does One Health present?

  Addressing global challenges like epidemics
• What strategies are used for rabies control?

  Post-exposure prophylaxis and mass dog vaccination
• What is the global burden of rabies deaths?

  Highlights inequality in vaccination coverage
• What is the goal for rabies elimination by 2030?

  Global elimination of rabies
• What is the purpose of a vaccine?

  Boost immune system and protect against infection
• How do vaccines work?

  Introduce harmless part of pathogen to create antibodies
• What is the result of vaccination?

  Immunity against future infections
• What are the types of vaccination?

  1. Prophylactic: pre-exposure immunity
  2. Therapeutic: post-exposure immunity boost
• What are the main ingredients in a vaccine?

  Water, active ingredient, adjuvants, preservatives
• What is the role of adjuvants in vaccines?

  Enhance immune response
• What is herd immunity?

  Achieved when a large proportion is vaccinated
• What does the reproduction number (R0) indicate?

  How contagious an infection is
• What does an R0 greater than 1 indicate?

  Outbreak continues
• What were early methods of vaccination?

  Nose plugged with smallpox scabs
• What are candidates for eradication?

  Polio, measles, and rubella
• Who is recommended to receive immunizations in the UK?

  At-risk groups, pregnant women, infants
• What is a live attenuated virus vaccine?

  Replicating, weakened virus
• What is an inactivated whole virus vaccine?

  Non-replicating virus inactivated with formalin
• What is a subunit vaccine?

  Non-replicating, purified protein or peptide
• What is a virus-like particle vaccine?

  Non-replicating, viral structural proteins