Anatomical terminology

• Cervical vertebrae


  
  
• 
  

  The top seven vertebrae, letters C1-C7, forming the neck.
• Thoracic vertebrae


  
  
• 
  

  The next twelve vertebrae, letters T1-T12, forming the upper back.
• Lumbar vertebrae


  
  
• 
  

  The bottom five vertebrae, letters L1-L5, forming the lower back.
• Sacrum

  
  
• 
  

  The triangular bone formed by the fusion of five vertebrae, forming the pelvis.
• Coccyx

  
  
• Function of Thoracic Spine


  
  
• Function of Lumbar Vertebrae


  
  
• What is the standard anatomical position?

  Forward facing with palms forward
• What does the term 'supine' refer to?

  Turned or thrown back
• What does 'prone' mean in anatomical terms?

  Forward, inclined towards
• What are the three anatomical planes?

  • Transverse or axial: cut at the waist horizontally
  • Coronal/frontal: cut vertically separating front and back
  • Sagittal: cut vertically down midline separating left and right
• What are the regions of the body?

  • Head and neck: skull, brain, sensory organs, larynx
  • Thorax: ribcage, heart, lungs, trachea
  • Abdomen: digestive organs, spleen, kidney
  • Pelvis: bladder, reproductive organs, digestive organs
• What are the quadrants of the body?

  • Upper left
  • Bottom left
  • Upper right
  • Bottom right
• What are the 9 regions of the abdomen and pelvis?

  Top row: right hypochondriac, epi-gastric, left hypochondriac

  Middle row: right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar

  Bottom row: right iliac, hypo-gastric, left iliac
• What does 'lateral' mean in anatomical directionality?

  To the side
• What does 'medial' refer to?

  To the middle
• What does 'anterior' mean?

  Towards the front
• What does 'posterior' indicate?

  Towards the back
• What does 'superior' mean in anatomical terms?

  Above
• What does 'inferior' refer to?

  Below
• What does 'ipsilateral' mean?

  Same side
• What does 'contralateral' indicate?


  Opposite side
• What does 'visceral' refer to?


  Organ side
• What does 'parietal' mean?


  Wall side
• What does 'rostral' refer to?

  Towards the nose or frontal lobe
• What does 'palmar' mean?


  Palm facing forward
• What does 'dorsal' indicate?


  Back of hand facing forward
• What does 'proximal' mean?


  Closer to the midline
• What does 'distal' refer to?


  Away from the midline
• What does 'superficial' mean?


  Closer to surface
• What does 'deep' indicate?


  Further away from surface
• What are the types of movement in anatomy?

  • Flexion: decreases angle
  • Extension: increases angle
  • Abduction: away from midline
  • Adduction: towards midline
• What are the types of rotation in anatomy?


  • Lateral: away from midline
  • Medial: towards midline
  • Superior/elevation: lift (raise shoulders)
  • Inferior/depression: lower (to lower shoulders)
• What are the movements related to the arms and feet?

  • Protraction: arms move anteriorly
  • Retraction: arms move posteriorly
  • Pronation: weight to inside of foot
  • Supination: weight on outside of foot
  • Dorsiflexion: decrease angle between foot and shin
  • Plantarflexion: increase angle between foot and shin
• What are the supporting tissues in the body?


  • Bones: support and articulation
  • Cartilage: flexible connective tissue, shock absorber
  • Tendons: secure muscle to bones
  • Ligaments: connect bone to bone
  • Fascia: connective tissue
• What are the types of cartilage?


  • Hyaline: found at joints
  • Elastic: pinna of ear
  • Fibrocartilage: found in pelvis near cervix