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• What are turbinates?

  Mucous membranes which have a large surface area. They Trap airborne particles and heats and moistens incoming air.

  
• What is the function of turbinates?

  They trap airborne particles/microorganisms to prevent them entering the lungs. They also heat and moisten incoming air.
• Why is it important that turbinates heat and moisten incoming air?

  Allows efficient gas exchange to take place.
• What is the pharynx?

  A muscular tube which acts as a common passageway for food and air.
• What is the larynx?

  Contains the vocal cords.
• How many lobes does the right lung have?

  3 (superior, middle, inferior)
• How many lobes does the left lung have?

  2 (superior and inferior)
• Why does the left lung only have 2 lobes?

  To make room for the heart.
• Describe the order of which air travels through the body.

  Mouth/Nose, Turbinates, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli
• Describe the bronchi.


  - Right and left branches.

  - Contain C-shaped cartilage to allow space for the oesophagus whilst providing support to the bronchi.

  - As branches continue, they become smaller and have less cartilage but more smooth muscle.
• What is bronchodilation and how does it occur?

  Increase in the diameter of a bronchus or bronchiole caused by the relaxation of smooth muscle lining the airways.
• What is bronchoconstriction and how does it occur?

  Decrease in the diameter of a bronchus or bronchiole caused by the contraction of smooth muscle lining the airways.
• Where does the majority of gas exchange occur?

  In the terminal bronchioles which contain alveolar sacs and are surrounded by a capillary network.
• What can cause bronchoconstriction?

  NANC (nonnoradrenergic/noncholinergic) excitatory nerves.

  
• What can cause bronchodilation?

  NANC (nonnoradrenergic/noncholinergic) inhibitory nerves as well as circulating epinephrine.

  
• How does the sympathetic nervous system cause bronchodilation?

  Epinephrine released from adrenal gland stimulates adrenergic receptors in smooth muscle which causes muscle relaxation and therefore increasing airway diameter.
• How does the parasympathetic nervous system cause Bronchoconstriction?

  Cholinergic fibres innervate smooth muscle, mucous glands and pulmonary blood vessels which cayse smooth muscle to contract narrowing airways. This also increases production of mucous glycoproteins.
• Which subtype of muscarinic and adrenergic receptors are most prominent in airway smooth muscle?

  M3
• Which subtype of adrenergic and adrenergic receptors are most prominent in airway smooth muscle?

  Beta-2
• What are the two main types of drugs used to treat asthma?

  - Bronchodilators

  - Anti-inflammatories
• What are the main groups of bronchodilators when treating asthma?

  - Beta-agonists (SABA and LABA)

  - Antimuscarinics (SAMA and LAMA)

  - Xanthines
• What are the main groups anti-inflammatories when treating asthma?

  - Corticosteroids

  - Leukotriene modifiers

  - Anti IgE antibody

  - Sodium cromoglycate

  - Biologics