Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

• What does CVD stand for?

  Cardiovascular disease
• What does cardiovascular disease refer to?

  Conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels
• What are risk factors?

  Factors linked to increased disease risk
• Does exposure to a risk factor guarantee disease?

  No, it does not guarantee disease
• What is the relationship between correlation and causation?


  Correlations are not always causations
• Why do people often misestimate risk?

  Due to lack of information or misunderstanding
• What are some reasons for underestimating health risks?

  Lack of information and personal experience
• What can lead to overestimating health risks?

  Misleading media and personal experience
• What is a common misconception about train accidents?

  People often overestimate the risk of death
• What is a common misconception about smoking risks?

  People often underestimate health risks
• Why might individuals underestimate their CVD risk?

  Lack of information and personal experience
• What is a correlation?

  A relationship between two variables
• What is the issue with claiming little sleep causes CVD?

  Correlation does not imply causation
• What is cancer characterized by?

  Abnormal growth of cells in an organ
• What does tobacco smoke cause according to the article?

  It is stated as the cause of kidney cancer
• What are the main lifestyle risk factors for CVD?

  • Diet high in saturated fat
  • High salt intake
  • Smoking
  • Lack of exercise
• How does diet affect CVD risk?

  • High saturated fat increases cholesterol
  • High salt raises blood pressure
  • Antioxidants reduce CVD risk
• How does smoking contribute to CVD risk?

  • Increases platelet stickiness
  • Stimulates adrenaline release
  • Decreases antioxidants in blood
• How does exercise influence CVD risk?

  • Improves coronary circulation
  • Reduces heart inefficiency
  • Increases heart rate and elasticity
• How do gender and age affect CVD risk?

  • Women have higher HDL levels
  • Age reduces artery elasticity
  • Older age increases blood pressure
• What role does genetics play in CVD risk?

  • Inherited alleles can increase risk
  • Some alleles cause beneficial effects
  • Genetic factors contribute to multifactorial risk
• What are the effects of high blood pressure on CVD?

  • Damages artery walls
  • Increases atheroma formation
  • Linked to lifestyle factors
• What are the effects of high cholesterol on CVD?

  • Increases atheroma formation
  • Leads to thrombosis
  • Linked to poor dietary choices
• What are the effects of antioxidants on CVD?

  • Reduce risk of CVD
  • Protect cells lining arteries
  • Counteract damage from smoking
• What are the effects of nicotine on CVD?

  • Increases blood pressure
  • Increases risk of blood clots
  • Decreases antioxidant levels
• What are the effects of oestrogen on CVD risk?

  • Increases HDL levels
  • Enhances blood flow to muscles
  • Reduces risk of atheroma
• What are the effects of age on CVD risk?

  • Arteries become less elastic
  • Increases blood pressure
  • Heightens risk of blood vessel damage
• What are the effects of lifestyle choices on CVD risk?

  • Diet, exercise, and smoking impact risk
  • Choices can be modified to reduce risk
  • Lifestyle factors interact with genetics
• What is the multifactorial nature of CVD?

  • Involves heredity, environment, and lifestyle
  • Combination of risk factors determines probability
  • Not solely due to genetic inheritance
• How does high blood pressure relate to lifestyle factors?

  • Linked to stress, alcohol, and inactivity
  • Can be managed through lifestyle changes
  • Affects overall cardiovascular health
• What is the significance of HDL and LDL in CVD?

  • HDL lowers cholesterol, reducing risk
  • LDL raises cholesterol, increasing risk
  • Balance between HDL and LDL is crucial
• What is the role of antioxidants in cardiovascular health?

  • Protect against oxidative stress
  • Help maintain healthy blood vessels
  • Reduce inflammation in the cardiovascular system
• What is the impact of atheroma formation on CVD?

  • Leads to thrombosis and heart attacks
  • Narrows arteries, restricting blood flow
  • Increases risk of stroke and other complications
• How does thrombosis relate to cardiovascular disease?

  • Can block blood flow to the heart
  • Increases risk of heart attacks
  • Often caused by atheroma formation
• What are the consequences of poor diet on cardiovascular health?

  • Increases cholesterol and blood pressure
  • Contributes to obesity and inactivity
  • Heightens overall CVD risk
• What is the relationship between inactivity and CVD risk?

  • Reduces heart efficiency
  • Increases blood pressure and cholesterol
  • Heightens risk of cardiovascular events
• What is the importance of regular exercise for cardiovascular health?

  • Improves heart efficiency
  • Reduces risk of CVD
  • Enhances overall well-being