Cell biology

    Cards (44)

    • What is the function of a ribosome?
      Site of protein synthesis
    • What is the role of a nucleus?
      To contain the genetic material
    • What is the role of the mitochondria?

      Where most energy is released in respiration
    • What is the role of cytoplasm?
      Contain most organelles
      Where most chemical reactions take place
    • What is the role of the cell membrane?
      Uses a partially permeable membrane to control movement in and out of the cell
    • What is the role of chloroplasts?
      To contain chlorophyll which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
    • What is the role of a cell wall?
      To strengthen and support the plant cell using cellulose fibers
    • Give 3 adaptations of a sperm cell
      The tail enables the cell to swim fast (flagellum)
      Midpiece contains mitochondria to release energy needed to swim fast
      Acrosome contains enzymes to enable sperm to penetrate egg
    • Give 3 adaptations of a nerve cell
      Fatty sheath insulates to speed up nerve impulse
      long Dendrites to allow communication between other nerve cells and glands
      Extended so nerves can run over the whole body and to the CNS
    • Give 2 adaptations of a muscle cell
      Contains many mitochondria to provide energy for contraction
      Contain filaments that slide over each other to allow for muscle contraction
    • Give 2 adaptations of a root hair cell
      Large surface area to allow for quicker diffusion
      One cell thick walls to not restrict movement of water
    • Give 2 adaptions of a xylem cell
      Thick walls containing lignin to strengthen cell
      Hollow tubes allow continuous column of water to flow
    • Give 2 adaptations of a phloem cell
      Companion cell provides energy to help transport substances
      Sieve plates are partially permeable to allow dissolved sugars and amino acids to be transported
    • State the average size of an animal cell
      10-100 micrometres
    • State the average size of a plant cell
      10-100 micrometres
    • How do you calculate magnification?
      image size/real size
    • Explain the method for the examination of cells practical
      1.Put a small drop of water on the microscope slide
      2.swab inside of mouth using cotton bud
      3.Rub cotton bud into water
      4.observe and examine cell structure using microscope
    • Explain the process of plant cloning
      1.Meristem cells are removed from a plant
      2.They are grown in an agar culture medium which provides nutrients and plant hormones to stimulate growth and cell division
      3.samples develop into tiny plantlets
      4. plantlets planted into compost
    • Give 2 clinical issues of using stem cells in therapeutic cloning
      Cultured stem cells could be contaminated with viral infections
      possibility of cells mutating into cancer cells
    • Give two ethical issues of using stem cells for therapeutic cloning
      it could be argued embryos should be treated as a human life
      religious beliefs state life should be created only by god
    • State 2 social issues of therapeutic cloning
      Do the benefits outweigh the objections?
      False promise to patients as therapeutic cloning is is developmental stages
    • Explain the process of therapeutic cloning
      1.Nucleus is removed from patient donor cell and transferred to donor egg cell with nucleus removed and discarded
      2.The cell is stimulated to divide
      3.The cell develops into an embryo
      4.after 4-5 days embryo cells are removed
      5.the cells are cultured for therapeutic use
    • What are the stem cells in plants?
      meristem cells
    • Where are meristem cells located?
      The tip of the shoot and root of the plant
    • What are meristem cells used for?
      Can be cheaply and quickly cloned
      Save plant species from extinction and protect crops them from contracting diseases
    • What are stem cells?
      Cells that are undifferentiated
    • What are human stem cells?
      embryo cells
      bone marrow cells
      adult stem cells (partly specialised)
    • Where can adult stem cells be found?
      Bone marrow , the blood and the brain
    • What are human stem cells used for?
      Treating diabetes and paralysis
    • What can bone marrow cells be used for?
      Can differentiate into different types of blood cell meaning they can treat:
      leukaemia
      lymphoma
    • What is the process of mitosis?
      1.The cell begins to divide
      2.DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome
      3.Nuclear membrane breaks down and chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
      4.A set of chromosomes is pulled to each side of the cell and the nucleus divides
      5.The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two identical daughter cells
    • What is the role of the palisade mesophyll?
      Receive light energy for photosynthesis
    • What is the role of the spongy mesophyll?
      Main site of gas exchange
    • What is the role of guard cells?
      Open and close to control gas exchange and C02 concentration
    • What is the role of sieve tubes?
      Transport products of photosynthesis including sugars e.g. glucose
    • What is the role of companion cells?
      To provide energy required to transport substances in sieve tubes
    • What is the role of xylem vessels?
      Transport water and dissolved minerals up the roots and the plant
    • What is the role of cells in the circulatory system?
      Regulate temperature and transport substances
    • What is the role of cells in the excretory system?
      Remove waste and regulate water content of the body
    • What is the role of cells in the muscular system?
      Contract and relax to bring about movement
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