C4

• Mole


  A way of counting atoms by weighing them on an electronic balance, equivalent to the number of atoms or molecules found in a substance that has the mass in GRAMS as the atomic mass from the periodic table.
• Mass = moles x relative formula mass (Mr)


  A mathematical representation of the relationship between mass and moles of a substance, where mass is calculated as the product of moles and relative formula mass.
• Limiting Reactant


  The reactant in a chemical reaction that is completely consumed first, causing the reaction to stop. The reactant with the amount of moles smaller than that predicted by the balanced equation for the reaction is the limiting reactant.
• Actual Yield


  The amount of product actually obtained in a real-world lab or factory, which is always less than the theoretical yield due to various losses and impurities.
• Theoretical Yield


  The maximum amount of product that could be made in a chemical reaction, calculated from the stoichiometry of the reaction.
• Why might the actual yield be less than 100%?

  Not all reactants react, products react to form other chemicals, reversible or equilibrium reactions, loss of chemicals in leaks/filters/equipment, impure product
• What is the equation for calculating atom economy?

  Atom Economy = (amount of product formed in moles) / (sum of amounts of reactants in moles)
• How do you calculate concentration?

  Concentration = (moles of solute) / (volume of solution in liters)
• What are the steps for a titration?

  1. Prepare the sample solution and standard solution<br>
  2. Pipette the sample solution into a conical flask<br>
  3. Add a few drops of indicator<br>
  4. Titrate with the standard solution, slowly and slowly adding it until the indicator changes color<br>
  5. Record the volume of standard solution added as the endpoint is reached
• How do you calculate the mass of a gas given its volume?

  Mass = (Volume / 24.0 dm³) x Molar Mass (Mr)
• What is the volume of 1 mole of an ideal gas at R.T.P.?

  24 dm³