C10

• Alkenes


  Organic compounds containing at least one double bond between carbon atoms (C=C). General formula: CnH2n.
• Alkanes


  Organic compounds containing only single bonds between carbon atoms (C-C). General formula: CnH2n+2.
• Homologous series


  A group of organic compounds with similar structures and properties.
• Functional group


  A specific group of atoms within a molecule that determines its chemical properties and reactivity.
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons


  Hydrocarbons with at least one double or triple bond (C=C or C≡C) between carbon atoms.
• Alkenes as fuel


  Alkenes can be combusted to release energy, similar to alkanes, producing carbon dioxide and water.
• Ethene combustion reaction


  Ethene + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water
• Pentene hydrogenation reaction


  Pentene + Hydrogen → Pentane
• Ethene chlorination reaction


  Ethene + Chlorine → 1,2-Dichloroethane
• Halogenation of Alkenes


  All alkenes react with halogens (group 7 elements) such as Br2, I2, F2, Cl2 to form halogenated alkanes.
• Ethene hydration reaction


  Ethene + Water → Ethanol
• Hydration of Alkenes


  Alkenes react with water to produce alcohols at high temperatures.
• Oxidation of Alcohols


  Alcohols can be oxidized to produce carboxylic acids, containing the -COOH functional group.
• Esterification reaction


  An acid and an alcohol react to form an ester and water.
• Ethanoic acid + Ethanol → Ethyl Ethanoate + Water

  Esterification reaction example
• Alcohol formula


  CnH2n+1OH is the general formula for alcohols.
• Ester functional group


  The ester functional group is -COOC-, formed by connecting an alcohol's hydroxyl group to a carboxylic acid's carbonyl group.
• Ethanol uses and production

  Ethanol is used as a solvent, starting material for acid production, and biofuel. It can be produced through fermentation or the hydration of ethene.
• Alcohols uses


  Alcohols are primarily used as solvents, mixing with water to dissolve a wide range of solids. They are also used in perfumes, mouthwashes, and hand sanitizers.
• Combustion reaction of ethanol

  Ethanol (EtOH) reacts with oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
• Oxidation


  A chemical reaction that involves the loss of one or more electrons by an atom, molecule, or ion
• Combustion


  A type of oxidation that involves the reaction of a substance with oxygen, typically resulting in the release of heat and light
• Chemical oxidation of alcohols

  A process where alcohols react with oxygen to form new compounds, in this case, carboxylic acids
• Carboxylic acids


  A family of chemicals produced by the chemical oxidation of alcohols, adding extra oxygen atoms to the ethanol
• Alcohols


  A type of organic compound that can react with reactive metals
• Reactive metals


  Metals that readily react with other substances to form compounds
• Sodium + Ethanol


  Form sodium ethoxide (salt) and hydrogen gas
• Alcohols + Reactive Metals

  Form a salt and hydrogen gas
• –COOH


  The functional group of a carboxylic acid, also known as a carboxyl group
• Functional group


  A specific group of atoms within a molecule that determines its chemical properties
• Reactive part of –COOH


  The H bit, which is easily replaced by other atoms or groups
• Acids


  Substances that donate a proton (H+ ion) or accept an electron pair
• Acid dissolves in water


  Becomes acidic only when it dissolves in water
• –COOH ionisation


  • COO- and H+ ions
• Carboxylic acid reaction with carbonate compound

  Form a salt and carbon dioxide gas
• H+ reaction with metal

  Form a salt –COOMetal and hydrogen gas or water
• Ionisation


  The process of an acid dissolving in water and splitting up into two ions
• Esters


  A type of organic compound with a distinctive smell, produced by plants to enhance attractive perfumes
• Perfumes


  Esters are used to give plants their distinctive scents
• Food and beauty industries

  Esters are used as flavourings and perfumes