BEHAVIOURAL

• HOW DO WE LEARN PHOBIAS?

  encounters within our environment
• WHO PROPOSED THE TWO-PROCESS MODEL?

  Mowrer
• WHAT DID MOWRER PROPOSE?

  two-process model
• HOW ARE PHOBIAS ACQUIRED ACCORDING TO THE TWO-PROCESS MODEL?

  classical conditioning
• HOW ARE PHOBIAS MAINTAINED ACCORDING TO THE TWO-PROCESS MODEL?

  operant conditioning
• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING?

  how phobias are acquired
• OPERANT CONDITIONING?

  how phobias are maintained
• WHAT DOES UNCONDITIONED MEAN?

  biological
• WHAT DOES CONDITIONED MEAN?

  learned
• WHAT IS A NEUTRAL STIMULUS?

  stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
• WHAT IS AN UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS?

  stimulus that elicits a response without conditioning
• WHAT IS AN UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE?

  automatic response elicited by unconditioned stimulus
• WHAT IS A CONDITIONED STIMULUS?

  neutral stimulus that when paired with an unconditioned stimulus elicits a similar response
• WHAT IS A CONDITIONED RESPONSE?

  response learned by pairing originally neutral conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus
• WHO CARRIED OUT THE LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT?

  Watson and Rayner
• WHAT DID WATSON AND RAYNER DO?

  Little Albert experiment
• WHAT IS THE UCS IN THE LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT?

  loud noise
• WHAT IS THE UCR IN THE LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT?

  fear
• WHAT IS THE NS IN THE LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT?

  white rat
• WHAT IS THE CS IN THE LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT?

  white rat
• WHAT IS THE CR IN THE LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT?

  fear
• WHAT IS OPERANT CONDITIONING?

  process of learning through reinforcement and punishment
• WHAT DOES REINFORCEMENT DO?

  increases likelihood of behaviour
• WHAT DOES PUNISHMENT DO?

  decreases likelihood of behaviour
• WHAT INCREASES THE LIKELIHOOD OF BEHAVIOUR?

  reinforcement
• WHAT DECREASES THE LIKELIHOOD OF BEHAVIOUR?

  punishment
• WHAT CAN RESULT IN A LOWERED LEVEL OF ANXIETY?

  avoidance
• WHAT CAN AVOIDANCE CAUSE?

  lowered level of anxiety
• WHAT DOES AVOIDANCE ACT AS?

  reward
• STRUCTURE FOR ANSWERING ABOUT PHOBIAS MAINTENANCE/ GAIN?

  • phobia acquired through classical conditioning
  • formed an association between NS of ... and response of fear
  • when the ...
  • the conditioned response of fear is triggered every time ...
  • phobia has been generalised to all ...
  • anxiety is relieved when avoiding ... such as ...
  • which reinforces them to avoid ...
• EVALUATION OF THE BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH?

  • has real world application
  • has research support
  • not all phobias are learnt
  • biological factors not considered
• HOW DOES THE BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH HAVE REAL WORLD APPLICATION?

  been used to develop treatments, helping people overcome fears and further integrate into society
• WHAT RESEARCH IS THERE TO SUPPORT THE BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH?

  Watson and Raynor's "Little Albert" experiment
• EXPLAIN HOW NOT ALL PHOBIAS ARE LEARNT?

  • fails to consider individual differences
  • not everyone who experiences a traumatic event acquires a phobia
  • not everyone with a phobia has experienced a traumatic event
  • fails to credit cognitive approach (phobias are a result of irrational thinking)
• EXPLAIN HOW BIOLOGICAL FACTORS ARE NOT CONSIDERED?

  • raises debate of evolution
  • Seligman states humans genetically programmed to develop association between life threatening stimuli and fear
  • behavioural explanation alone doesn't explain phobia development