Patho

• What is the focus of the learning outcomes in this study material?

  Understanding blood diseases and disorders
• What are the two main classifications of anaemias discussed?

  Increased cell destruction and decreased cell production

  
• What is the primary function of bone marrow?

  Synthesis of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
• What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

  Red marrow is for haematopoiesis; yellow accumulates with age
• What is the spleen's role in the blood system?

  Filtration of old RBCs and iron metabolism

  
• How does a saturation probe work?

  Calculates percentage of oxygenated haemoglobin
• What does oxygenated haemoglobin reflect?

  Red color

  
• What is the significance of bilirubin in jaundice?

  It causes yellowing of the skin and eyes
• What is anaemia?

  Reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood

  
• What are the symptoms of anaemia?

  Fatigue, weakness, and pallor
• What distinguishes microcytic anaemia from macrocytic anaemia?

  Microcytic has small RBCs; macrocytic has enlarged RBCs

  
• What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anaemia?

  Decreased intake of iron

  
• What is the role of Fe2+ in the body?

  Vital for O2 carrying in hemoglobin

  
• What can cause increased demand for iron?

  Growing children and pregnancy
• What is a common dietary source of non-haem iron?

  Plant-based foods
• What is the effect of B12 deficiency on red blood cells?

  Causes enlargement of RBCs (macrocytic)
• What is the most common cause of B12 deficiency?

  Defective absorption
• What is folate needed for in the body?

  Cell division, especially in bone marrow
• What happens during a sickle cell crisis?

  Vaso-occlusive events cause severe pain
• What is thalassaemia characterized by?

  Reduced synthesis of hemoglobin chains
• What is the effect of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency?

  Increased destruction of RBCs

  
• What is leukaemia?

  Proliferation of white blood cells

  
• What are the symptoms of leukaemia?

  Bleeding, bruising, and fatigue
• What is thrombocytopenia?

  Decreased platelet production or increased destruction

  
• What is haemophilia A characterized by?

  Deficiency of factor VIII
• What can cause acquired clotting disorders?

  Vitamin K deficiency and warfarin use
• What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?

  Widespread clotting and bleeding issues

  
• What are the conditions associated with clotting disorders?

  Vascular disorders and endothelial injury
• What are the components of blood and their functions?

  • Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Carry oxygen
  • White Blood Cells (WBCs): Fight infections
  • Platelets: Aid in clotting
  • Plasma: Transports nutrients and waste

  
• What are the causes of microcytic and macrocytic anaemias?

  Microcytic Anaemia:

  • Iron deficiency
  • Decreased intake or absorption
  • Increased demand or loss

  
  

  Macrocytic Anaemia:

  • B12 deficiency
  • Folate deficiency
• What are the complications of sickle cell anaemia?

  • Microcirculation obstruction
  • Necrosis of distal tissues
  • Spleen dysfunction
  • Severe pain during crises

  
• What are the differences between Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

  Hodgkin Lymphoma:

  • 10% of cases
  • Enlarged lymph nodes
  • Spreads contiguously

  
  

  Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma:

  • 90% of cases
  • Widespread
  • Non-contiguous spread

  
• What are the effects of excessive coagulation?

  • Widespread clots
  • Ischaemia
  • Bleeding due to leaky vessels
  • Clotting factor depletion
• What are the risk factors for leukaemia?

  • High radiation exposure
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Specific viral infections
  • Chemical exposure
  • Smoking
  • Old age
• What are the symptoms of platelet disorders?

  • External bleeding
  • Rash or bruising
  • Haematuria
  • Fatigue
• What are the causes of increased RBC destruction?

  • Sickle cell anaemia
  • Thalassaemia
  • Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

  
• What is the role of the liver in clotting?

  • Produces clotting factors
  • Regulates coagulation processes
• What is the significance of methylene blue in methemoglobinemia?

  • Treats methemoglobinemia
  • Restores normal hemoglobin function
• What are the effects of vitamin K deficiency?

  • Impaired clotting factor synthesis
  • Increased bleeding risk
• What is the relationship between thrombocytosis and clotting disorders?

  • Thrombocytosis can lead to excessive clotting
  • Increases risk of thrombotic events