cell death

• What are the main mechanisms of cell death?

  Apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis

  
• What is Type I cell death?

  Apoptotic cell death

  
• What is Type II cell death?

  Autophagic cell death

  
• What is Type III cell death?

  Necrotic cell death

  
• Who proposed recommendations for cell death definitions in 2009?

  • Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD)
• What does the Greek word for apoptosis mean?

  Dropping off or falling off
• Why is apoptosis vital for life?

  It removes old and damaged cells
• How many cells undergo apoptosis daily in an adult human body?

  50-70 billion cells
• What role does apoptosis play during development?

  • Morphogenesis
  • Tissue remodeling
  • Elimination of unnecessary organs

  
• What is an example of apoptosis in embryonic development?

  Removal of the tadpole tail during metamorphosis

  
• How is excessive apoptosis linked to diseases?

  It is associated with neurodegenerative diseases
• What are some inducers of apoptosis?

  DNA damage, hypoxia, oxidative stress

  
• What are the hallmarks of apoptosis?

  • Cellular and nuclear shrinkage
  • Disassembly into apoptotic bodies
  • Chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation
  • Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization
  • Cytochrome-c release from mitochondria

  
• What happens to the nuclear chromatin during apoptosis?

  It condenses and fragments

  
• What is externalized during apoptosis?

  Phosphatidylserine

  
• What is the role of cytochrome c in apoptosis?

  It is released from mitochondria to activate caspases

  
• What are the two main pathways of apoptosis activation?

  • Intrinsic pathway
  • Extrinsic pathway

  
• What is the function of initiator caspases in apoptosis?

  They cleave executioner caspases

  
• What is the main focus of BMD116 week 12?

  Cell death mechanisms – Part 2
• What is the role of Bcl-2 family in apoptosis?

  They regulate apoptotic processes

  
• What are the learning outcomes of this session?

  Define the main mechanisms of cell death
• How do IAPs affect apoptosis?

  • They inhibit caspases
  • Their expression is often deregulated in cancer
• What are the current tasks in targeting apoptosis in cancer?

  • Understand other cell death mechanisms
  • Identify treatments to reduce apoptosis resistance
• What is the relationship between IAPs and cancer prognosis?

  Higher IAPs are linked to shorter survival
• How can apoptosis be induced in cancer cells?

  By inducing DNA damage with drugs or radiation
• What is the summary of apoptosis?

  • Programmed cell death mechanism
  • Morphological features include shrinkage and fragmentation
  • Activation through intrinsic/extrinsic pathways
  • Regulation by Bcl-2 and IAP families

  
• What happens to cytoplasmic materials during autophagic cell death?

  They are sequestered by autophagosomes

  
• What forms when an autophagosome fuses with a lysosome?

  An autolysosome

  
• What is the mechanism of apoptosis?

  Programmed cell death to destroy cells

  
• What is apoptosis?

  A mechanism of programmed cell death
• What are the morphological features of apoptosis?

  Cellular shrinkage, chromatin condensation

  
• What are the morphological features of apoptosis?

  Cellular shrinkage, chromatin condensation
• What pathways activate apoptosis?

  Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

  
• Which families regulate apoptosis?

  BCl2 family and IAP family

  
• How is apoptosis often deregulated in cancer?

  Through altered expression of regulatory proteins
• What triggers the release of cytochrome c in apoptosis?

  Bax and Bak proteins upon apoptotic signaling
• What is the role of Bcl2 proteins in apoptosis?

  They regulate apoptosis through anti-apoptotic mechanisms
• What is the process of autophagic cell death?

  • Induced by autophagy inducers
  • Sequestration of cytoplasmic materials
  • Formation of autophagosome
  • Fusion with lysosome to form autolysosome
  • Degradation of cargo by acid hydrolases

  
• What is the function of IAPs in apoptosis?

  They inhibit caspases, preventing apoptosis
• What initiates the autophagy signaling pathway?

  Starvation and lack of nutrients