Paper 1

• What is the purpose of the cell membrane in a plant cell?

  Controls what goes in and out
• What is the function of the cell wall in a plant cell?

  Provides structure
• What is the role of the vacuole in a plant cell?

  Important for structure
• Where do most cellular reactions take place in a plant cell?

  In the cytoplasm
• What do ribosomes do in a plant cell?

  Responsible for protein synthesis
• What is the function of chloroplasts in a plant cell?

  Site of photosynthesis
• What is the role of mitochondria in a plant cell?

  Produces energy
• What is the function of the nucleus in a plant cell?

  Holds DNA and controls the cell
• What features do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

  Cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts
• What is the function of the bacterial cell membrane?

  Controls what goes in and out
• Where is the DNA located in a bacterial cell?

  In the chromosome, not in a nucleus
• What is the function of flagella in a bacterial cell?

  Used for locomotion
• What is the role of ribosomes in a bacterial cell?

  Responsible for protein synthesis
• What is the function of the bacterial cell wall?

  Provides structure
• How do specialized cells differ from typical cells?

  They have different structures for specific functions
• What is differentiation in cells?

  Process where cells become specialized
• What is the role of villi in the gut?

  Increase surface area for absorption
• What is the significance of the axon in neurons?

  Allows long-distance signal transmission
• What is the basic structure of a cell?

  Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
• How have microscopy techniques evolved over time?

  From basic lenses to advanced electron microscopes
• How do you calculate magnification from a microscope image?

  Magnification = image height / object height
• What is DNA made up of?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid with A, T, C, G
• What is the structure of DNA?

  Twists into a double helix
• What happens during mitosis?

  One parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells
• What is the first step in mitosis?

  DNA condenses into chromosomes
• What are stem cells?

  Cells with potential to become any type of cell
• How can stem cells be used in medicine?

  To grow new cells for treatment
• What is the controversy surrounding stem cell use?

  Involves creation and destruction of embryos
• What is diffusion?

  Movement from high to low concentration
• How does diffusion occur in the lungs?

  Oxygen diffuses into blood, CO2 out
• What is osmosis?

  Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane
• How does osmosis occur in root hair cells?

  Water moves into cells from soil
• What is active transport?

  Movement from low to high concentration
• How does active transport occur in the gut?

  Glucose is absorbed against the gradient
• What is the hierarchy of biological organization?

  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
• What are the functions of the digestive system organs?

  • Mouth: mechanically breaks down food
  • Salivary glands: produce amylase
  • Liver: produces bile
  • Gallbladder: stores bile
  • Small intestine: absorbs nutrients
  • Stomach: digests food
  • Pancreas: produces enzymes
  • Large intestine: removes excess water
  • Rectum/Anus: expels waste
• What does lipase do?

  Breaks down fats into fatty acids
• Where is lipase produced?

  In the pancreas and small intestine
• What does protease do?

  Breaks down proteins into amino acids
• Where is protease produced?

  In the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine