Language, Culture, and Society

• What is language defined as in the study material?

  A system of vocal symbols for communication
• How does language function as a system of symbols?

  It includes words and grammar rules for communication
• What is culture defined as in the study material?

  A shared set of perspectives and practices
• How is culture shaped according to the study material?

  By the experiences of individuals and vice-versa
• What is a dialect?

  A specific variety of a language
• What does sociolinguistics investigate?

  The interrelation between language and society
• What is code-switching?

  Transitioning between languages or dialects
• How is society defined in the study material?

  A group of people living distinctively
• What does social organization emphasize in society?

  The importance of organization and teamwork
• What is language acquisition?

  The process of acquiring a language
• What is bilingualism?

  The capacity to speak and comprehend two languages
• What is cultural relativism?

  Evaluating practices within their cultural context
• What is cultural appropriation?

  Utilizing aspects of one culture without respect
• What are artifacts?

  Objects created by a particular culture
• What does ideology refer to?

  Fundamental principles supporting systems
• What is social stratification?

  The system of levels of authority in society
• What is social mobility?

  The capacity to move between social levels
• What is social cohesion?

  The sense of connectedness among individuals
• What is the first language (L1)?

  The language exposed from birth
• What is the second language (L2)?

  Any language learned after the first
• What does native language imply?

  Fluency and cultural identity
• What is mother tongue?

  The first language learned at home
• What is a foreign language?

  Any language not one's native or second
• What are Halliday's language functions?

  Functions that fulfill various communicative needs
• What are Halliday's language functions?

  • Instrumental: To fulfill needs
  • Regulatory: To control behavior
  • Heuristic: To explore and learn
  • Imaginative: To create imagination
  • Representational: To convey facts
  • Interactional: To develop relationships
  • Personal: To express identity and feelings
• What is ethnopoetics?

  A method for analyzing oral poetry
• What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggest?

  Language shapes thought and perception
• What does Oral Gesture Theory propose?

  Speech originated from gestures and movements
• What is Kachru’s Concentric Circles Model?

  A model categorizing English language use
• What are the three circles in Kachru’s model?

  Inner, Outer, and Expanding Circles
• What is Hockett’s feature of vocal-auditory channel?

  Language transmitted through sound
• What does broadcast transmission refer to?

  Language sounds perceived from specific directions
• What is transitoriness in language?

  Language sounds disappear quickly after production
• What does interchangeability mean in language?

  Individuals can send and receive messages
• What is total feedback in language?

  Speakers can monitor their own speech
• What is specialization in language?

  The primary function is communication
• What does semanticity refer to?

  Specific signals have specific meanings
• What does arbitrariness mean in language?

  No inherent connection between signs and meanings
• What is discreteness in language?

  Language is composed of distinct units
• What are the different language registers?

  • Frozen: "Our Father who art in heaven"
  • Formal: "Please accept our sincerest gratitude"
  • Consultative: "Appreciate it. Looking forward to see you"
  • Casual: "What’s up, Dawg!"
  • Intimate: "Nay, tsararat ba ako?"