PSYCHODYNAMIC

• What did Freud suggest the mind is made up of?

  conscious

  Pre conscious

  Unconscious
• what has an important influence on behaviour?

  our unconscious mind
• what does our unconscious mind consist of?

  basic instincts and drives, disturbing thoughts that are repressed
• what does our preconscious contain?

  thoughts we can become aware of through dreams or Freudian slips
• what is the tripartite personality?

  consists of the ID, ego and superego
• what is the ID?

  Primitive part of personality, present at birth

  Acts on pleasure principle and demands instant gratification
• what is the ego?

  emerges at 2

  acts on reality principle

  uses defence mechanisms for protection

  mediates between Id and superego
• what is the superego?

  emerges at 5

  acts on morality principle

  punished ego through guilt
• What are the three defence mechanisms?

  Repression, denial and displacement
• what are defence mechanisms?

  used by ego to help protect itself from the demands of the Id and superego.

  we are never aware of these, protect from temporary trauma but long term can cause mental health problems
• what is repression?

  a distressing memory is locked away in the unconscious mind
• what is denial?

  refusing to acknowledge distressing aspects of reality
• what is displacement?

  transferring emotions from their true source onto a substitute target
• what do the five psychosexual stages determine?

  adult personality, if a conflict at one stage is unresolved this leads to fixation where you are stuck and carry the behaviours associated through to adult life
• What is stage one?

  Oral (0-1 years)

  Pleasure focus is mouth
• what is stage two?

  Anal (1-3 years)

  pleasure focus is the anus
• what is stage three?

  Phallic (3-5 years)

  pleasure focus is the genitals
• what is stage 4?

  Latent (aged 6 to puberty)

  earlier conflicts are repressed
• what is stage 5?

  genital (puberty onwards)

  sexual desired become conscious
• What is the Oedipus complex?

  Psychosexual conflict at the phallic stage.

  Boys develop incestuous feelings towards mother and murderous hatred towards father. Later they repress these feelings and identify with their water, taking on his role and values

  Girls experience penis envy
• what are the consequences of fixation at the Oral stage?

  smoking, nail biting and sarcasm
• what are the consequences of fixation at the anal stage?

  overindulgence if anal expulsion (messy and thoughtless)

  too strict if anal retentive (perfectionism)
• what are the consequences of fixation at the phallic stage?

  self obsessed, reckless, possibly homosexual
• what are the consequences of fixation at the genital stage?

  difficulty forming romantic relationships
• how do you remember the psychosexual stages?

  old

  age

  pensioners

  love

  gin
• Evaluation 1:

  LIMITATION Case studies for evidence, eg Little Hans

  Freuds work has been criticised for this as his ideas and explanations are not based on anything, no proof they are correct. Cannot be generalised as such a limited sample, lack scientific rigour
• evaluation 2:

  LIMITATION not scientific: includes untestable concepts (popper) Not falsifiable as cannot be proved or disproved. Concepts are unconscious and based on Freuds own beliefs. Becomes a pseudoscience (fake)
• evaluation 3:

  STRENGTH practical application: psychoanalysis therapy accesses the unconscious mind, used to help those with mental conditions eg depression, anxiety or phobias. Paved way for modern day therapy
• evaluation 4:

  LIMITATION Based on psychic determinism, extremely determinist stance and suggests free will has no influence, can be negative as people believe they have no control