Virus

• What is the lysogenic pathway in viral replication?

  • Virus attaches to a host cell
  • Virus injects genetic material into the host cell
  • Viral DNA incorporates into host DNA
  • Host cell machinery produces viral components
  • Viral genes are assembled and grow
  • Host cell bursts, releasing new viruses
• What is the lytic pathway in viral replication?

  • Virus attaches to a host cell
  • Virus injects genetic material into the host cell
  • Viral DNA incorporates into host DNA
  • Host cell machinery produces viral components
  • Viral genes are assembled and grow
  • Lytic cycle triggers a sudden release of new viruses
• How does the lysogenic pathway differ from the lytic pathway?

  The lysogenic pathway integrates viral DNA; the lytic pathway causes immediate viral release.
• What happens to the host cell during the lytic pathway?

  The host cell bursts, releasing new viruses.
• What role does the host cell machinery play in viral replication?

  It produces viral components necessary for assembling new viruses.
• What are laboratory-produced proteins used for?

  To diagnose or treat diseases
• What do B-lymphocytes produce?

  Antibodies
• What are hybridoma cells?

  Cells that produce monoclonal antibodies
• What are the steps to create monoclonal antibodies?

  1. Inject an animal with an antigen
  2. Let the animal develop an immune response
  3. Isolate some B-cells
  4. Create hybridoma cells
  5. Select and purify the monoclonal antibodies produced
• What does toxicity refer to in drug testing?

  How toxic a drug is, including side effects
• What does efficacy measure in drug testing?

  How well a drug produces the desired effect
• What does dosage indicate in drug testing?

  How much of the drug is required to give the desired effect
• What are the stages of drug testing on humans and animals?

  1. Test drug on human cells & tissues
  2. Test drug on a live animal
  3. Test drug on healthy volunteers to find maximum dosage
  4. Test drug on patients suffering from the disease to find dosage
• What is a placebo?

  Substance or treatment that contains no active drug, used in blind trials to avoid bias