Biomolecules

• What are biomolecules?


  the most essential organic molecules (CHO), which are involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms.
• 4 Biomolecules


  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Lipids
• Monomers of Carbohydrates


  Monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bond
• Monomers of Proteins


  Amino acids joined by peptide bond
• Monomers of Nucleic acids

  Nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bond
• Monomers of Lipids


  Fatty acids and glycerol joined by ester bond
• Examples of Carbohydrates


  Starch, Cellulose
• Examples of Proteins


  Insulin, Collagen
• Examples of Nucleic Acids

  DNA, RNA
• Examples of Lipids


  Fats, Oils, waxes
• Elements of Carbohydrates


  CHO
• Elements of Proteins


  C,H,O,N,S
• Elements of Nucleic Acids

  C,H,O,N,P
• Elements of Lipids


  CHO
• Functions of Carbohydrates


  • Energy source
  • Structural component
  • Reserve food
• Function of Protein


  • Enzyme
  • Structure movement
  • Defense hormones
• Functions of Nucleic Acids

  • Stores genetic information
• Function of Lipids


  • Energy source
  • Insulation
  • Membrane components
  • Hormone
• the most abundant biological molecules on the planet

  Carbohydrates
• almost universally used as an immediate energy source when oxidized in cells

  carbohydrates
• 4 types of carbs

  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • oligosaccharides
  • polysaccharides
• the simplest form of carbohydrates and cannot be broken down into smaller carbohydrates through hydrolysis, contains 1 sugar unit

  monosaccharides
• Functions of Monosaccharides (subtypes)

  • Glucose - blood sugar
  • Fructose - fruit sugar
  • Galactose - milk sugar (lactose)
  • Ribose (?) - structural element of nucleic acids
• two monosaccharides/sugar units


  disaccharides
• Functions of Disaccharides (subtypes)

  • Sucrose - table sugar
  • Lactose - milk sugar
  • Maltose - malt sugar
  • Trehalose - essential energy source for insects
  • Cellobiose - essential in carbohydrate metabolism
• yield 3 to 10 molecules of the same or different monosaccharides on hydrolysis

  oligosaccharides
• Functions of Oligosaccharides (subtypes)

  • stachynose
  • raffinose
  • glycoproteins (carbs attached to proteins, cell0surface receptors)
  • glycolipids (carbs attached to lipids, imp for cell recog)
  • lectins (carb binding protein, mediate cell adhesion w oligo)
• chains of more than ten carbohydrates joined together through glycosidic bond formation

  Polysaccharides (glycans)
• Functions of Polysaccharides (subtypes)

  • starch (energy for plants)
  • amylase (saliva, fulfill energy requirement of animals)
  • glycogen (food reserve of animals, bacteria, fungi)
  • inulin (plant storage reserve)
  • cellulose (constituent of ruminants' diets)
  • chitin ( synthesis of fungal cell walls)
• polymers of amino acids arranged in the form of polypeptide chains

  proteins
• structure classification of proteins

  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
  • quaternary
• determined by the sequence of amino acids

  primary structure
• occurs when the amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds

  secondary structure
• Tertiary Structure

  is formed when alpha helices and beta sheets are held together by weak interactions
• consists of more than one polypeptide chain

  Quaternary Structure
• Structural proteins


  Keratin - protective support (hair n fingernails)

  Collagen - structural support
• important proteins (types)


  • structural proteins
  • enzymatic
  • transport
  • defense
  • regulatory or signal
  • contractile
  • storage
• enzymatic proteins


  enzymes - speed up chemical reactions without being chemically changed 
• transport proteins


  aid cells to be selective in moving substances into and out of the cell

  (hemoglobin in rbc)
• defense proteins


  plays an important role in the body's defense system against disease-causing foreign organisms and particles

  (antibodies in wbc)