Memory

• What is the process of converting information into different formats called?

  Coding
• What did Baddeley (1966) investigate regarding memory?

  How information is coded in memory
• What were the four groups in Baddeley's study and their word types?

  • Group 1: Acoustically similar (e.g., cat, cab)
  • Group 2: Acoustically dissimilar (e.g., pit, few)
  • Group 3: Semantically similar (e.g., great, large)
  • Group 4: Semantically dissimilar (e.g., good, huge)
• What was the result of immediate recall for acoustically similar words?

  Participants performed worse with them
• What was the result of recall after 20 minutes for semantically similar words?

  Participants performed worse with them
• What does Baddeley's study suggest about coding in LTM?

  Information is coded semantically in LTM
• What is a limitation of Baddeley's study regarding stimuli?

  It used artificial stimuli, lacking personal meaning
• What was the mean digit span found by Jacobs (1887)?

  9.3 items
• What was the mean letter span found by Jacobs (1887)?

  7.3 items
• What method did Jacobs use to determine digit span?

  Participants recalled increasing digit sequences
• What is a limitation of Jacobs' study regarding validity?

  It lacked adequate control over distractions
• What did Miller (1956) suggest about the capacity of STM?

  It is about 7 items (plus or minus 2)
• What is chunking according to Miller?

  Grouping items into larger units for recall
• What is a limitation of Miller's research regarding STM capacity?

  He may have overestimated the capacity
• What did Cowan (2001) conclude about STM capacity?

  It is about four chunks
• What was the duration of STM found by Peterson and Peterson (1959)?

  18-30 seconds
• What method did Peterson and Peterson use to test STM duration?

  Participants counted backwards from a 3 digit number while recalling a trigram
• What is a limitation of Peterson and Peterson's study regarding stimuli?

  It used artificial consonant syllables - lacks mundane realism - internal validity
• What did Bahrick et al. (1975) study regarding LTM?

  Recall of high school memories
• What was the accuracy of photo recognition after 15 years according to Bahrick et al.?

  About 90% accurate
• What was the accuracy of free recall after 48 years according to Bahrick et al.?

  About 30% accurate
• What does Bahrick et al.'s study suggest about LTM duration?

  LTM can last a very long time
• What is a strength of Bahrick et al.'s study regarding external validity?

  It studied real-life meaningful memories
• What are the two main stores in the sensory register?

  Iconic memory and echoic memory

  
• How long does material last in the sensory register?

  Less than half a second
• What is the capacity of sensory registers?

  Very high capacity
• What happens to information in the sensory register?

  It passes further if attention is paid
• What is the average capacity of STM according to Jacobs?

  Between 5 and 9 pieces of information
• What is maintenance rehearsal?

  Repeating material to keep it in STM
• What is the capacity of LTM according to Bahrick et al.?

  Unlimited capacity
• What is the duration of LTM according to Bahrick et al.?

  Can last a lifetime
• What is the Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM)?

  A model describing different memory stores

  
• What is iconic memory?

  Visual information coded visually
• What is echoic memory?

  Sound information coded acoustically
• What is the duration of STM according to the MSM?

  About 30 seconds
• What is the coding of STM according to the MSM?

  Acoustic coding
• What is the coding of LTM according to the MSM?

  Semantic coding
• What is the difference between STM and LTM according to the MSM?

  STM is limited; LTM is unlimited
• What is the retrieval process in memory?

  Transferring information from LTM to STM
• What did HM's case study demonstrate about memory?

  It showed differences between STM and LTM