bio final

• What is the chemical formula for water?

  H₂O
• Why is the liquid state of water important for metabolic reactions?

  It allows molecules to dissolve and participate in metabolic reactions.
• What type of bond exists between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule?

  Covalent bond
• What causes the partial charges in a water molecule?

  The unequal sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen.
• What type of bond forms between different water molecules?

  Hydrogen bond
• How is a hydrogen bond formed between water molecules?

  By the attraction between partial charges of different water molecules.
• What is cohesion in relation to water molecules?

  • Attraction between water molecules
  • Result of hydrogen bonding
  • Important for processes like transpiration
• What role does cohesion play in transpiration in plants?

  It creates tension that pulls water up through the xylem.
• What is adhesion in the context of water and solid surfaces?

  • Attraction between water molecules and solid surfaces
  • Important for processes like capillary action
  • Helps pull water up against gravity in plants
• How does adhesion contribute to the movement of water in plants?

  It helps water stick to the xylem, aiding in upward movement.
• What is a solute?

  Substance being dissolved
• What is a solvent?

  Liquid that dissolves a solute
• What is a solution?

  Homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent
• What types of substances can water dissolve?

  • Polar molecules (e.g., glucose)
  • Ions (charged substances)
  • Hydrophilic substances (water-loving)
• Why is water not considered a universal solvent?

  It cannot dissolve nonpolar substances.
• What is the significance of water being a good solvent for life?

  • Facilitates metabolic reactions
  • Acts as a transport medium in plants and animals
  • Allows for the movement of nutrients and waste
• What is buoyancy?

  Upward force exerted by water on an object
• How does buoyancy affect organisms in water?

  It allows less dense organisms to float, conserving energy.
• How do some organisms adjust their buoyancy?

  • By using swim bladders to control air content
  • Adjusting density to rise or sink in water
• What is viscosity in relation to water?

  It is the resistance of water to flow.
• How does viscosity impact the movement of organisms in water?

  • Affects energy expenditure for movement
  • Higher viscosity requires more energy to swim
• What is thermal conductivity in relation to water?

  It is the ability of water to conduct heat.
• What is specific heat capacity?

  It is the amount of heat energy required to change the temperature of a substance.
• Why is high specific heat capacity important for aquatic organisms?

  • Maintains stable temperatures in water
  • Protects organisms from drastic temperature changes
• What is the moderating effect of water?

  It keeps temperature stable despite external changes.
• How do adaptations in organisms relate to the properties of water?

  • Organisms adapt to utilize water's properties
  • Examples include buoyancy adjustments and thermal regulation
• What are carbohydrates primarily composed of?

  Carbon-based molecules
• Why is carbon considered a versatile element in biological molecules?

  Because it can form four stable covalent bonds with itself and other elements.
• What is a covalent bond?

  A bond created by the sharing of electrons between two atoms.
• What are the two types of structures that carbon-based molecules can form?

  • Chain-like structures
  • Ring structures
• What are macromolecules and how are they formed?

  • Macromolecules are large molecules formed by linking smaller units called monomers.
  • They are created through condensation reactions.
• What is a monomer?

  A small individual unit that can link together to form a polymer.
• What is a polymer?

  A large molecule formed by linking monomers together.
• What is a condensation reaction?

  A reaction that removes water to form a bond between molecules.
• What is the chemical formula for water?

  $H_2O$
• What type of bond is formed between two monosaccharides during a condensation reaction?

  Glycosidic bond
• What is a monosaccharide?

  A simple sugar that is a single unit of carbohydrate.
• What are the classifications of carbohydrates based on the number of sugar units?

  • Monosaccharides: one sugar unit
  • Disaccharides: two sugar units
  • Polysaccharides: many sugar units
• What is a disaccharide?

  A carbohydrate formed from two monosaccharides bonded together.
• What is a polysaccharide?

  A carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharides linked together.