corrolation

• What is the focus of correlation analysis?

  Analysis of the relationship between co-variables
• How do correlations differ from experiments?

  Correlations do not manipulate variables
• Why do we use correlational designs?

  To test relationships between two variables
• When is it unethical to manipulate variables in experiments?

  When studying harmful behaviors like smoking
• What is a correlational hypothesis?

  It states the expected association between co-variables
• What is the range of the correlation coefficient?

  -1 to +1
• What does a larger correlation coefficient indicate?

  A stronger correlation between variables
• What is the purpose of a table of significance?

  To determine if results are significant
• What is the first step in using correlations?

  Decide what co-variables to measure
• What should you do after measuring co-variables?

  Plot the values on a scatter graph
• What does Spearman’s Rank test determine?

  If the relationship is significant or due to chance
• What characterizes a positive correlation?

  Both variables increase together
• What characterizes a negative correlation?

  One variable increases while the other decreases
• What indicates no correlation?

  Values close to 0
• What is a key principle to remember about correlation?

  Correlation does not mean causation
• What are the types of correlations and their characteristics?

  • Positive correlation: Both variables increase together
  • Negative correlation: One variable increases, the other decreases
  • Zero correlation: No relationship between the variables
• What are the steps to conduct a correlational study?

  1. Decide on co-variables to measure
  2. Operationalise the variables
  3. Measure each participant on both co-variables
  4. Plot values on a scatter graph
  5. Conduct a statistical test (Spearman’s Rank)
• What are the implications of correlation in research?

  • Correlation indicates a relationship, not causation
  • Useful for unethical or impractical experiments
  • Helps in hypothesis generation for further studies