presentation and display

• What are the main types of graphical representations for quantitative data?

  Graphs, tables, scattergrams, bar charts, histograms
• What is the purpose of presenting data in tables?

  To easily compare important values
• What is referred to as 'raw data' in research?

  The measurements collected in a study
• What is the difference between quantitative data and qualitative data?

  Quantitative data is numerical, while qualitative data is non-numerical
• What is the difference between an independent variable (IV) and a dependent variable (DV)?

  The IV is the variable the researcher manipulates, while the DV is the variable that is measured
• What is raw data?

  The measurements collected in a research study
• Why is presenting data in a table useful?

  It allows the reader to easily compare the most important values and help interpret the findings
• What are the key components of a table presenting data?

  • Rows for each data point
  • Columns for different variables
  • Frequency or count for each data point
  • Totals or summaries at the bottom
• What does a scattergram show?

  The correlation between two sets of data (co-variables) by plotting points to represent each pair of scores
• What type of data is used for bar charts?

  Nominal data and ordinal data
• How do bar charts compare to histograms?

  Bar charts use categorical data on the x-axis, while histograms use continuous data
• What type of data is used for line graphs?

  Continuous data
• What are the advantages of using a line graph?

  Two or more frequency distributions can be compared on the same graph
• What type of data is used for histograms?

  Interval/ratio data
• How do histograms differ from bar charts?

  Histograms use continuous data on the x-axis with no spaces between the bars, while bar charts use categorical data
• What type of data is used for pie charts?

  Nominal data
• How are the slices of a pie chart calculated?

  The size of each slice is calculated by working out the appropriate proportion out of 360 degrees
• How would you construct a bar chart using the data from a questionnaire?

  • Use a pencil, ruler, and color
  • Add a title
  • Label the x-axis with the categories
  • Label the y-axis with the frequency or count
  • Draw bars of equal width for each category, with the height representing the frequency
• How would you construct a line graph to plot data?

  • Use a pencil, ruler, and color
  • Add a title
  • Label the x-axis with the continuous data
  • Label the y-axis with the frequency or count
  • Plot a dot at the midpoint of each data point and connect them with a line
• What is the formula to calculate the area of a circle with radius r?

  $A =$$\pi r^2$
• How does photosynthesis work in plants?

  Process of photosynthesis:

  1. Light absorption by chlorophyll
  2. Light-dependent reactions: water splits, electrons excited
  3. Electron transport chain: ATP and NADPH produced
  4. Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions):

  • CO2 fixation
  • Reduction of fixed carbon
  • Regeneration of RuBP

  1. Glucose and other carbohydrates synthesized
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research methods?

  Strengths:

  • Provides in-depth, rich data
  • Flexible and adaptable to new information
  • Captures complex phenomena

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Time-consuming and labor-intensive
  • Potential for researcher bias
  • Limited generalizability
  • Difficulty in replicating results
• What is the first derivative of $x^2$?


  $2x$