psychopathology-spec

• What is the definition of abnormality according to deviation from social norms?

  Behavior that deviates from societal expectations
• Give an example of behavior considered abnormal under deviation from social norms.

  Aggressive behavior in public settings
• What is a strength of the deviation from social norms definition of abnormality?

  It considers the social context of behavior
• What is a limitation of the deviation from social norms definition of abnormality?

  Norms differ across societies, making it culturally relative
• What defines failure to function adequately?

  Inability to cope with daily life demands
• What are the criteria for failure to function adequately according to Rosenhan and Seligman?

  Maladaptiveness, unpredictability, and personal distress
• Provide an example of failure to function adequately.

  A person with severe depression unable to work
• What is a strength of the failure to function adequately definition of abnormality?

  It includes subjective experience of the individual
• What is a limitation of the failure to function adequately definition of abnormality?

  Subjectivity varies in defining adequate functioning
• What does statistical infrequency refer to in defining abnormality?

  Behaviors or traits that are statistically rare
• Give an example of statistical infrequency.

  IQ scores below 70 or above 130
• What is a strength of the statistical infrequency definition of abnormality?

  It is objective and measurable
• What is a limitation of the statistical infrequency definition of abnormality?

  It fails to account for desirable rarities
• What does deviation from ideal mental health mean?

  Absence of qualities essential for ideal mental health
• List the criteria for ideal mental health according to Marie Jahoda.

  Positive self-attitude, resistance to stress, autonomy, accurate perception of reality, mastery of the environment
• What is a strength of the deviation from ideal mental health definition of abnormality?

  It provides a comprehensive definition of health
• What is a limitation of the deviation from ideal mental health definition of abnormality?

  It sets unrealistically high standards for health
• What are the characteristics of phobias?

  • Behavioral: Avoidance, panic, endurance
  • Emotional: Intense fear and anxiety
  • Cognitive: Irrational beliefs and selective attention
• What are the characteristics of depression?

  • Behavioral: Disrupted sleep and eating patterns
  • Emotional: Persistent low mood and feelings of worthlessness
  • Cognitive: Negative thought patterns and cognitive biases
• What are the characteristics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

  • Behavioral: Repetitive compulsions to reduce anxiety
  • Emotional: Anxiety, distress, guilt, or disgust
  • Cognitive: Obsessions – intrusive, recurring thoughts
• What is the explanation for phobias according to the Two-Process Model?

  Phobias are acquired through classical conditioning
• Give an example of classical conditioning in phobia acquisition.

  Little Albert's fear of the white rat
• How are phobias maintained according to operant conditioning?

  Through negative reinforcement of avoidance behavior
• What is a strength of the Two-Process Model in explaining phobias?

  It explains both acquisition and maintenance of phobias
• What is a limitation of the Two-Process Model in explaining phobias?

  It ignores biological predispositions to phobias
• What is the principle of systematic desensitization (SD)?

  Counter-conditioning replaces fear with relaxation
• What are the steps involved in systematic desensitization?

  Relaxation techniques, anxiety hierarchy, gradual exposure
• What is a strength of systematic desensitization as a treatment?

  It has shown effectiveness in reducing phobias
• What is a limitation of systematic desensitization?

  Less effective for complex phobias like social phobias
• What is the principle of flooding in treating phobias?

  Exposure to the phobic stimulus in one session
• How does flooding work to treat phobias?

  Prevents avoidance, leading to extinction of fear
• What is a strength of flooding as a treatment?

  It is quick and cost-effective
• What is a limitation of flooding as a treatment?

  High dropout rates due to intense distress
• What is Beck's Negative Triad in explaining depression?

  Negative views of self, world, and future
• What are examples of cognitive biases in depression?

  Overgeneralization and negative self-talk
• What does Ellis's ABC Model stand for?

  Activating event, Beliefs, Consequences
• What is a strength of Beck's and Ellis's models of depression?

  They have practical applications in CBT
• What is a limitation of Beck's and Ellis's models of depression?

  They ignore biological factors like serotonin imbalance
• What is the principle of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

  Identifying and challenging irrational beliefs
• What is the process of CBT?

  Identify, challenge, and replace negative thoughts