Covalent Bonding

• What type of bonds were discussed after ionic bonds?

  Covalent bonds
• How do two chlorine atoms achieve a stable electron configuration?

  They share electrons to complete their outer shell
• What is the chemical formula for a chlorine molecule?

  Cl2
• What do the dots and crosses represent in a dot and cross diagram?

  Electrons from different atoms
• What is the chemical formula for ammonia?

  NH3
• What is the shape of the methane molecule?

  Tetrahedron
• What is the chemical formula for methane?

  CH4
• What type of bond is formed when two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom share electrons?

  Double bond
• What is the chemical formula for carbon dioxide?

  CO2
• What is a dative covalent bond?

  Electrons come from the same atom
• What is the ammonium ion formula?

  NH₄⁺
• What affects the strength of covalent bonds?

  Distance between nuclei and bond type
• How does bond length affect covalent bond strength?

  Shorter bond lengths result in stronger bonds
• What is the relationship between single, double, and triple bonds?

  Triple bonds are stronger than double bonds
• What is the formula for hydrogen sulfide?

  H₂S
• What is another name for a dative bond?

  Coordinate bond
• What is electronegativity?

  Tendency of an atom to attract electrons
• Which element has the highest electronegativity?

  Fluorine
• What trend in electronegativity is observed across a period?

  Electronegativity increases across a period
• What trend in electronegativity is observed down a group?

  Electronegativity decreases down a group
• What type of bond is formed when there is no difference in electronegativity?

  Pure covalent bond
• What is a polar molecule?

  A molecule with a positive and negative end
• What is the electronegativity difference range for a polar molecule?

  0.4 to 2
• What happens if the electronegativity difference is greater than 2?

  An ionic bond is formed
• Why is water (H₂O) considered a polar molecule?

  Oxygen has higher electronegativity than hydrogen
• What is the significance of the video recommended at the end?

  It explains covalent bonds well
• What is covalent bonding?

  Covalent bonding is the sharing of electrons between two non-metal atoms to achieve a full outer shell.
• Why do atoms form covalent bonds?

  To achieve a stable electronic configuration, typically a full outer shell of electrons (like noble gases).
• What types of elements form covalent bonds?

  Covalent bonding involves sharing electrons, while ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons.
• Describe the covalent bond in a hydrogen molecule

  Each hydrogen atom shares one electron, forming a single covalent bond to achieve a full outer shell.
• Describe the covalent bond in a hydrogen molecule

  Each hydrogen atom shares one electron, forming a single covalent bond to achieve a full outer shell.
• What is a double covalent bond? Give an example.

  A double bond involves the sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms. Example: Oxygen molecule
• What is a triple covalent bond? Give an example.

  A triple bond involves the sharing of three pairs of electrons between two atoms. Example: Nitrogen molecule
• How do hydrogen and oxygen atoms bond to form water

  Each hydrogen atom shares one electron with oxygen, forming two single covalent bonds.
• What are three properties of simple covalent compounds?

  Low melting and boiling points (due to weak intermolecular forces). Poor conductors of electricity (no free ions or electrons). Usually insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
• Why do covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points?

  Weak intermolecular forces require little energy to overcome, even though covalent bonds within molecules are strong.
• What is a lone pair of electrons? Give an example.

  A lone pair is a pair of electrons not involved in bonding. Example: Oxygen in water () has two lone pairs.
• What is a lone pair of electrons? Give an example.

  A lone pair is a pair of electrons not involved in bonding. Example: Oxygen in water () has two lone pairs.
• What is a polar covalent bond?

  A polar covalent bond occurs when electrons are shared unequally between two atoms due to a difference in electronegativity.
• What is a dative covalent bond? Give an example.

  A dative covalent bond (or coordinate bond) occurs when both electrons in the shared pair come from one atom. Example: Ammonium ion