anatlec finals

• What is the function of the nasal cavity?

  Filters air and serves as air entrance
• How does the pharynx function in the body?

  Common passageway for food, water, and air
• What is the larynx commonly known as?

  Voice box
• What is the role of the trachea?

  Connects the larynx to the bronchi
• What do bronchi connect?

  Trachea to lung lobes
• What is the primary function of the lungs?

  Ventilation of the body
• What are the comparative notes for the penis in different animals?

  • Stallion: Broad penile tip, complete accessory glands
  • Bull: Corkscrew shape at erection, sigmoid flexure
  • Ram: Elongated urethral process
  • Boar: Corkscrew shape, sigmoid flexure in front
  • Dog: Only prostate glands present, ossified corpus cavernosum
  • Tom: Penile spines stimulate ovulation in female cats
• What structures are present in the pre-cardial mediastinum?

  • Trachea
  • Esophagus
  • Blood vessels to head, neck, thoracic limbs
  • Cardiac and phrenic nerves
  • Vagus and sympathetic nerves
  • Thymus and lymph glands
• What structures are found in the cardial mediastinum?

  • Heart and pericardium
  • Start of arterial system
  • End of venous system
  • Esophagus
  • Thoracic duct
  • Phrenic, cardiac, and pulmonary nerves
• What structures are located in the postcardial mediastinum?

  • Aorta
  • Vena azygos
  • Thoracic duct
  • Esophagus
  • Vagus and sympathetic nerves
  • Left phrenic nerves
• What is the function of cranial nerve I?

  Smell
• What does cranial nerve II control?

  Vision
• What is the function of cranial nerve III?

  Movement of eyeball muscles
• What does cranial nerve IV control?

  Movement of superior oblique muscle
• What is the function of cranial nerve V?

  Innervates ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves
• What does cranial nerve VI control?

  Movement of lateral rectus muscle
• What is the function of cranial nerve VII?

  Movement of facial muscles
• What does cranial nerve VIII control?

  Audition and equilibrium
• What is the function of cranial nerve IX?

  Innervates taste buds
• What does cranial nerve X innervate?

  Thoracic and abdominal organs
• What is the function of cranial nerve XI?

  Innervates neck and shoulder structures
• What does cranial nerve XII control?

  Movement of the tongue muscle
• What are the types, layers, and functions of blood vessels?

  Types:

  • Arteries and arterioles: Transport blood away from heart
  • Veins and venules: Transport blood towards heart
  • Capillaries: Site for exchange of substances

  
  

  Layers:

  1. Tunica Adventitia: Outer layer, connective tissue
  2. Tunica Media: Middle layer, smooth muscle
  3. Tunica Intima: Inner layer, endothelial cells
• What are the layers of the heart and their descriptions?

  1. Epicardium: Outer layer
  2. Myocardium: Thickest layer, cardiac muscles
  3. Endocardium: Inner layer
• What are the parts of the brain and their functions?

  1. Forebrain: Conscious activities, memory, intelligence
  2. Midbrain: Connects brain to spinal cord
  3. Hindbrain: Involuntary functions, balance
  4. Hypothalamus: Hunger, thirst, thermoregulation
  5. Pituitary Gland: Hormone secretion
  6. Pineal Body: Secretes melatonin
• What are the characteristics of normal and fetal lungs?

  Normal Lung:

  • Soft, spongy, bright pink, floats in water

  
  

  Fetal Lung:

  • Smaller, pale gray, sinks in water, firmer
• What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves?

  Sympathetic:

  • Thoracolumbar, excitatory effects

  
  

  Parasympathetic:

  • Cranio-sacral, inhibitory effects
• What are the branches of gross and comparative anatomy?

  • Osteology: Bones
  • Arthrology: Joints
  • Myology: Muscles
  • Splanchnology: Visceral organs
  • Angiology: Cardiovascular structures
  • Aethesiology: Special senses
  • Neurology: Nervous system
• What are the parts of the testes?

  • Spermatic cord: Ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics
  • Tunica Albuginea
  • Tunica Vaginalis
  • Septa/Trabeculae
  • Seminiferous Tubules: Produce sperm
  • Interstitial cells: Secrete testosterone
• What are the cardiac valves and their locations?

  • Right Atrioventricular Valve: Between right atrium and ventricle
  • Left Atrioventricular Valve: Between left atrium and ventricle
  • Pulmonic Valve: Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
  • Aortic Valve: Between left ventricle and aorta
• What are the divisions and components of the nervous system?

  1. Central Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord
  2. Peripheral Nervous System: Cranial and spinal nerves

  • Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic and parasympathetic
• What are the definitions of dialysis, osmosis, active transport, passive transport, and diffusion?

  • Dialysis: Separation of solutes through a membrane
  • Osmosis: Movement of water across a membrane
  • Active Transport: Movement against a gradient using energy
  • Passive Transport: Movement along a gradient without energy
  • Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration
• What is bradycardia?

  Slow heart rate (<60 bpm)
• What is tachycardia?

  Fast heart rate (>100 bpm)
• What is bradypnea?

  Slow breathing rate (<12 breaths/min)
• What is tachypnea?

  Fast breathing rate (>20 breaths/min)
• What are the parts of the penis?

  • Glans: Free, dome-shaped extremity
  • Body: Main portion
  • Crura: Root of penis
• What are the comparative notes for the kidney in different animals?

  • Horse: Right kidney heart-shaped, left bean-shaped
  • Ox: Lobulated, no renal pelvis
  • Sheep: Bean-shaped, renal crest with projections
  • Pig: Bean-shaped
• What are the tracheal rings comparative notes for different animals?

  • Horse: Incomplete dorsally in thoracic region
  • Ox/Sheep: Ends in apposition, dorsal ridge
  • Pig: Overlap dorsally in thorax and neck
  • Dog: Slender, U-shaped, membranous dorsal wall
• What are the boundaries and apertures of the nasal cavity?

  Boundaries:

  • Dorsal: Nasal bone
  • Lateral: Premaxilla & maxilla
  • Ventral: Palatine
  • Rostral: Nostril
  • Caudal: Choanae

  
  

  Apertures:

  • Nasopharynx: Opens dorsally
  • Oropharynx: Opens into oral cavity
  • Laryngopharynx: Opens into larynx and esophagus