Intro

• What is organic chemistry the study of?

  Carbon-based compounds
• Why is carbon unique in organic chemistry?

  It forms strong covalent bonds with itself
• What does the ability of carbon to form long chains allow?

  Creation of a variety of carbon compounds
• What types of structures can carbon compounds have?

  Chains, branches, and rings
• Which elements can carbon combine with?

  Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and halogens
• What is the formula for cyclohexane?

  C₆H₁₂
• What are functional groups in organic chemistry?

  Specific groups of atoms within molecules
• How do functional groups affect organic compounds?

  They determine chemical reactions and properties
• What are the characteristics of alkenes?

  • Contains a carbon-carbon double bond
  • Reactive due to the double bond
• What are the characteristics of alcohols?

  • Contains a hydroxyl group (-OH)
  • Polar and forms hydrogen bonds
• What are the characteristics of aldehydes?

  • Contains a carbonyl group (-CHO) at the end
  • Polar and reactive
• What are the characteristics of ketones?

  • Contains a carbonyl group within the chain
  • Polar and reactive
• What are the characteristics of carboxylic acids?

  • Contains a carboxyl group (-COOH)
  • Highly polar and acidic
  • Can donate a hydrogen ion (H⁺)
• What functional group do alcohols contain?

  -OH
• What functional group do carboxylic acids contain?

  -COOH
• What is nomenclature in organic chemistry?

  The system of naming organic compounds
• Who provides standardized rules for naming organic compounds?

  The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
• What are the steps in IUPAC nomenclature?

  1. Identify the parent chain
  2. Number the carbon atoms
  3. Name the functional groups
  4. Assign position numbers
  5. Combine the names
• What are the IUPAC prefixes for the first eight carbon chains?

  1. Meth-
  2. Eth-
  3. Prop-
  4. But-
  5. Pent-
  6. Hex-
  7. Hept-
  8. Oct-
• What does the prefix "Meth-" indicate in organic nomenclature?

  1 carbon atom
• What does the prefix "Eth-" indicate in organic nomenclature?

  2 carbon atoms
• What does the prefix "Prop-" indicate in organic nomenclature?

  3 carbon atoms
• What does the prefix "But-" indicate in organic nomenclature?

  4 carbon atoms
• What does the prefix "Pent-" indicate in organic nomenclature?

  5 carbon atoms
• What does the prefix "Hex-" indicate in organic nomenclature?

  6 carbon atoms
• What does the prefix "Hept-" indicate in organic nomenclature?

  7 carbon atoms
• What does the prefix "Oct-" indicate in organic nomenclature?

  8 carbon atoms
• What is the empirical formula?

  It represents the simplest ratio of elements
• What does the empirical formula for glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) represent?

  CH₂O
• What is the molecular formula?

  It shows the actual number of atoms in a molecule
• What is the molecular formula for glucose?

  C₆H₁₂O₆
• What is the difference between empirical and molecular formulas?

  • Empirical Formula: Simplest ratio of elements
  • Molecular Formula: Actual number of atoms in a molecule
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C_nH_2n+2
• What does the general formula for alkanes indicate?

  Hydrogen atoms are twice the carbon atoms plus two
• What is a homologous series?

  A group of compounds with the same functional group
• How do members of a homologous series differ?

  By an additional CH₂ unit
• Why do members of a homologous series exhibit similar chemical properties?

  Due to the same functional group presence
• What is the general formula for alcohols?

  C_nH_2n+1OH
• What is octane's role in petrol?

  Key component of petrol
• How do higher octane fuels affect engine performance?

  They improve performance and efficiency