Haloalkanes

• What are haloalkanes also known as?

  Halogenoalkanes
• Why are haloalkanes considered polar molecules?

  Due to the carbon-halogen bond
• Which halogen is the most electronegative?

  Fluorine
• What do nucleophiles donate in a chemical reaction?

  An electron pair
• What does the term 'nucleus-loving' refer to in nucleophiles?

  Nucleophiles are attracted to positively charged atoms
• Why do nucleophiles react with haloalkanes?

  Because of the polar carbon-halogen bond
• What is a reaction mechanism?

  A step-by-step description of a reaction
• What do curly arrows represent in reaction mechanisms?

  The movement of a pair of electrons
• What is the product of bromoethane reacting with hydroxide ions?

  Ethanol and bromide ions
• What does the reaction of bromoethane with cyanide ions produce?

  Propanenitrile and bromide ions
• What is formed when bromoethane reacts with ammonia?

  Ethylamine and ammonium bromide
• What is the role of the NH₃ molecule in the reaction with bromoethane?

  It attacks the carbon bonded to bromine
• What is the significance of the C-Br bond being polar in nucleophilic substitution?

  It attracts nucleophiles to the carbon
• What is a nitrile?

  An organic compound with C≡N group
• What are the conditions required for elimination reactions to occur?

  • Strong base (like OH⁻)
  • Heat (reflux)
  • Alcoholic solvent (like ethanol)
• What factors influence whether a reaction favors substitution or elimination?

  • Base strength and concentration
  • Solvent type (aqueous vs alcoholic)
  • Temperature (lower favors substitution, higher favors elimination)
• How does the strength of the carbon-halogen bond affect haloalkane reactivity?

  Weaker bonds lead to faster substitution reactions
• What is the bond enthalpy of a C-Br bond?

  276 kJ/mol
• What is the bond enthalpy of a C-I bond?

  238 kJ/mol
• How does the reactivity of haloalkanes change down Group 7?

  Reactivity increases down the group
• What is the effect of bond strength on the speed of substitution reactions?

  Weaker bonds increase the speed of substitution
• What happens to the C-X bond strength as you move from fluorine to iodine?

  The bond strength decreases from fluorine to iodine
• What is the typical outcome of an elimination reaction?

  Formation of a double bond
• What is the role of a strong base in elimination reactions?

  It removes a hydrogen atom
• What is the effect of temperature on substitution and elimination reactions?

  Higher temperature favors elimination reactions