Alcohols

• What are alcohols in organic chemistry?

  Organic compounds with hydroxyl groups
• What suffix is used to name alcohols?

  -ol
• What is the general formula for alcohols?

  C_nH_2n+1OH
• What are alcohols with two hydroxyl groups called?

  Diols
• Give an example of a diol.

  Ethane-1,2-diol
• Why are alcohols considered versatile compounds?

  They have various applications in industries
• What is methanol used for?

  Antifreeze and industrial solvent
• What is ethanol commonly used for?

  Alcoholic beverages and cosmetics
• What is the hydration of alkenes?

  An industrial method to produce alcohols
• What is the reaction for hydrating ethene?

  CH₂=CH₂ + H₂O ⇌ CH₃CH₂OH
• What catalyst is used in the hydration of ethene?

  Concentrated sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid
• What is the high temperature required for the hydration of ethene?

  300°C
• What is the high pressure required for the hydration of ethene?

  60 atm
• How is unreacted ethene gas managed in the hydration process?

  It is continuously recycled back
• What specialized equipment is needed for ethanol production?

  Equipment to tolerate high temperatures and pressures
• What happens during the protonation of the double bond in ethene?

  It forms a carbocation intermediate
• What role does water play in the hydration of ethene?

  Acts as a nucleophile attacking the carbocation
• What is the final step in the hydration of ethene?

  Deprotonation to form ethanol
• What is fermentation used for?

  Producing ethanol and carbon dioxide
• What raw material is used in fermentation?

  Glucose
• What is the formula for glucose?

  C₆H₁₂O₆
• What is the optimal temperature for fermentation?

  30-35°C
• What is bioethanol?

  A type of biofuel produced from sugars
• What is E85 fuel?

  85% ethanol blended with petrol
• How are biofuels used in transportation?

  As alternatives to petrol and diesel
• How can biofuels be used for energy generation?

  In power plants to produce electricity
• How can biofuels be used for heating?

  In homes and buildings
• What is a benefit of biofuels regarding fossil fuels?

  They are renewable energy sources
• What is a drawback of large-scale biofuel production?

  It can lead to deforestation
• What is the food vs. fuel debate?

  Using crops for biofuel competes with food production
• What is a consequence of using crops for biofuel?

  Food prices might rise
• What is a concern regarding fertilizers used for biofuels?

  They can leach into water sources
• What impact does biofuel popularity have on forests?

  Large areas may be cleared for biocrops
• Why is ethanol considered a carbon-neutral biofuel?

  CO₂ released equals CO₂ absorbed
• What is the photosynthesis equation related to ethanol production?

  6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
• What is the fermentation equation for glucose?

  C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂