Cardiovascular System

• What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system during physical activities?

  To supply muscles with nutrients and oxygen
• How does the cardiovascular system transport nutrients and oxygen?

  Through blood and red blood cells
• What happens to carbon dioxide produced by muscles?

  It is transported to the lungs to be exhaled
• Where is excess heat produced by muscles transported?

  To the skin where it is lost
• What do the respiratory and cardiovascular systems do when lactic acid builds up?

  They deliver more oxygen to the muscles
• What do platelets and fibrinogen do in the cardiovascular system?

  Aid in blood clotting
• What is the role of the pulmonary circuit?

  To transport blood to and from the lungs
• What is the systemic circuit responsible for?

  Transporting blood to all body parts
• What separates the left and right sides of the heart?

  The septum
• How does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?

  Through the superior vena cava
• What prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium?

  The tricuspid valve
• What happens to blood at the alveoli in the lungs?

  It offloads carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen
• What prevents blood from going back into the left atrium?

  The mitral valve
• What is the function of the aortic valve?

  To prevent backflow into the left ventricle
• What happens during the cardiac cycle?

  The atria and ventricles contract and relax
• What are the three main types of blood vessels?

  Arteries, capillaries, and veins
• Why do arteries have thicker walls than veins?

  To withstand high pressure from blood flow
• What is the role of precapillary sphincters?

  To regulate blood flow into capillaries
• How do capillaries facilitate gas exchange?

  By allowing diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
• What is the primary function of veins?

  To transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart
• Why do veins have non-return valves?

  To prevent backflow of blood
• What is heart rate?

  The number of beats per minute
• How does exercise affect heart rate?

  It increases in proportion to exercise intensity
• What is stroke volume?

  The amount of blood pumped per heartbeat
• How does stroke volume change with exercise?

  It increases due to stronger contractions
• What is cardiac output?

  The volume of blood pumped in one minute
• How is cardiac output calculated?

  Stroke volume multiplied by heart rate
• What happens to cardiac output during exercise?

  It increases due to higher stroke volume
• What triggers an increase in cardiac output during exercise?

  Release of adrenaline and increased heart rate
• What is vasoconstriction?

  Restriction of blood flow to an area
• What is vasodilation?

  Increase of blood flow to an area
• How does regular exercise affect the heart?

  It leads to cardiac hypertrophy and stronger contractions
• What happens to stroke volume with regular training?

  It improves, leading to lower resting heart rate
• What is the effect of increased capillarisation in muscles?

  Greater blood supply and waste removal
• How does increased red blood cell production benefit the body?

  More oxygen can be carried in the blood
• What does the body do with lactic acid during exercise?

  It delays and resists its buildup
• What are the benefits of being physically fit?

  Higher work rate and quicker recovery
• How does fitness affect heart rate recovery?

  Fitter individuals recover faster to normal
• What is the risk of being unfit?

  Higher risk of cardiovascular diseases