Infection and Response

• What are the symptoms of measles?

  Fever and a red skin rash
• Why are most young children vaccinated against measles?

  To prevent serious illness and complications
• How is the measles virus spread?

  By inhalation of droplets through coughing or sneezing
• What initial symptoms does HIV cause?

  Fever and head aches
• What happens if HIV is not controlled with antiretroviral drugs?

  It attacks the body’s immune cells
• What is AIDS?

  Late stage HIV infection with immune damage
• How is HIV spread?

  By sexual contact or body fluid exchange
• What is the effect of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) on plants?

  It causes a mosaic pattern on leaves
• How does TMV affect plant growth?

  It reduces photosynthesis due to discoloration
• How is Salmonella food poisoning spread?

  By bacteria ingested in food
• What symptoms are caused by Salmonella bacteria?

  Fever, cramps, vomiting, and diarrhoea
• How are poultry controlled against Salmonella in the UK?

  By vaccination
• What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

  Thick discharge and pain on urinating
• What bacterium causes gonorrhoea?

  A specific bacterium (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
• How was gonorrhoea treated historically?

  With the antibiotic penicillin
• What has happened to gonorrhoea treatment over time?

  Many resistant strains have appeared
• How is gonorrhoea spread?

  By sexual contact
• How can the spread of gonorrhoea be controlled?

  With antibiotics or barrier contraception
• What are the symptoms of rose black spot?

  Purple or black spots on leaves
• How does rose black spot affect plant growth?

  It reduces photosynthesis
• How is rose black spot spread?

  By water or wind
• How can rose black spot be treated?

  Using fungicides or removing affected leaves
• What pathogens cause malaria?

  Protists
• What is the life cycle of the malarial protist?

  A mosquito that takes a blood meal from the infected person therefore picks up immature protists. These mature in the mosquito's gut, and when the mosquito takes its next blood meal from another person it passes on the mature protists to that person, completing the cycle.
• How is the spread of malaria controlled?

  By preventing mosquito breeding and using nets
• What are the non-specific defence systems of the human body?

  Skin, nose, trachea, and stomach
• What does the immune system do when a pathogen enters the body?

  It tries to destroy the pathogen
• How do white blood cells defend against pathogens?

  Phagocytosis, antibody production, antitoxin production
• How does vaccination prevent illness?

  By stimulating antibody production against pathogens
• How does vaccination reduce the spread of pathogens?

  By immunizing a large proportion of the population
• What are the signs of plant diseases?

  Stunted growth, spots, decay, growths
• How can plant diseases be identified?

  Using gardening manuals or laboratory tests
• What is a common viral plant disease?

  Tobacco mosaic virus
• What ion deficiency causes stunted growth in plants?

  Nitrate deficiency
• What ion deficiency causes chlorosis in plants?

  Magnesium deficiency
• What is the role of antibiotics?

  To cure bacterial diseases
• Why is antibiotic resistance a concern?

  It limits treatment options for infections
• What do painkillers do?

  They treat symptoms but do not kill pathogens
• What is the process of drug discovery?

  Discovery of Drug, Pre clinical trials, Clinical trials and market approval from other Scientist/Doctors.
• What is preclinical testing?

  Testing in a laboratory with cells and animals