behaviourism

• What does Tabula Rasa mean in behaviorism?

  Blank slate
• How does conditioning occur according to behaviorism?

  Through direct experience with the environment
• Why do behaviorists study observable behavior?

  It can be done objectively and scientifically
• What is promoted by behaviorists in research methods?

  Use of scientific methods for high control
• Who proposed classical conditioning?

  Pavlov
• How do we acquire behavior in classical conditioning?

  By associating one stimulus with another
• What does a neutral stimulus do in classical conditioning?

  Doesn't provoke a response
• What is the role of the unconditioned stimulus?

  It causes an unconditioned response
• What happens when a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are paired?

  An unconditioned response is elicited
• What is learned after repeated pairings in classical conditioning?

  An association between stimuli
• Who proposed operant conditioning?

  B.F. Skinner
• How are behaviors modified in operant conditioning?

  By altering the consequences of behavior
• What is the purpose of the Skinner box?

  To control extraneous variables
• What is positive reinforcement?

  Behavior produces a desirable consequence
• What is negative reinforcement?

  Behavior removes something undesirable
• What is positive punishment?

  Behavior produces an undesirable consequence
• What is negative punishment?

  Behavior removes something desirable
• What are schedules of reinforcement?

  How often reinforcement is given
• What is the variable ratio schedule?

  Reinforcement is given at random times
• What is a primary reinforcer?

  Something innately gratifying and rewarding
• What is a secondary reinforcer?

  Acquires properties of primary reinforcer
• How does a secondary reinforcer gain its properties?

  Through association with a primary reinforcer
• What is a limitation of behaviorism regarding determinism?

  It suggests behavior is beyond conscious control
• What does environmentally reductionist mean in behaviorism?

  Reduces complex behavior to environmental factors
• What is an issue with extrapolation in behaviorism?

  Theory is based on simpler organisms
• What does behaviorism underestimate according to critics?

  Biological and cognitive influences on behavior
• What are practical applications of classical conditioning?

  Therapies like systematic desensitization
• How has operant conditioning been applied practically?

  In token systems for behavior modification
• What is a strength of the scientific method in behaviorism?

  Establishes cause and effect relationships
• How did Skinner ensure scientific rigor in his experiments?

  By controlling all extraneous variables
• What did Pavlov achieve with his standardization of procedures?

  Allowed replication of research findings
• What consistent results suggest about classical conditioning?

  It is a reliable theory