cognitive

• What is the scientific study of internal mental processes called?

  Cognition
• How are behavioral differences in humans explained?

  By differences in information processing
• How can cognitive processes be studied scientifically?

  By making inferences from data
• What parallels are drawn between the human mind and computers?

  Both process information as input, process, output
• How can inferences about mental processes be made?

  From behavior of participants in experiments
• What is a schema?

  A cognitive framework for organizing knowledge
• How are schemas created and refined?

  Through experience and interaction with the environment
• What role do schemas play in predicting events?

  They inform behaviors based on past experiences
• How do schemas help process sensory information?

  They allow rapid processing without conscious effort
• What can negative schemas lead to?

  Mental illness such as depression
• How can schemas affect memory recall?

  They can lead to biased recall and distort accuracy
• What cognitive approach contributes to pathological gambling?

  Illusion of control and inaccurate perceptions of skill
• Why must inferences be used in cognitive psychology?

  Because mental processes are unobservable
• What do inferences involve in cognitive psychology?

  Making conclusions from empirical evidence
• What did Miller find about short term memory capacity?

  5-9 items can be remembered
• What inference did Miller make about short term memory?

  Its capacity is limited
• What did the case studies of H.M. and Clive reveal?

  Different types of long term memory exist
• How are cognitive processes represented visually?

  In the form of theoretical models
• What do theoretical models show?

  Components of cognitive processes and their relationships
• What is an example of a theoretical model?

  Multi-store model of memory
• How does cognitive psychology relate to computer models?

  It draws parallels between computers and the human mind
• What does the information processing model highlight?

  How information is processed from input to output
• What can be inferred by manipulating input in experiments?

  About the mental processes influencing behavior
• What does cognitive neuroscience aim to do?

  Localize cognitive function in the brain
• What advances have made cognitive neuroscience possible?

  Brain imaging techniques like MRI
• How are brain images used in cognitive neuroscience?

  To show areas with increased blood flow
• What inference is made from brain imaging studies?

  The area with increased blood flow is active
• What is a strength of brain imaging technology?

  It allows for high scientific rigor in studies
• How does localizing cognitive function benefit patients?

  It improves diagnoses and health outcomes
• What practical application has resulted from cognitive research?

  Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
• How does CBT help individuals?

  By challenging and altering irrational thoughts
• What is an advantage of cognitive neuroscience methodology?

  It uses objective brain imaging techniques
• How does cognitive neuroscience aid clinical professionals?

  It allows accurate predictions of cognitive impairments
• What research method is commonly used in cognitive psychology?

  The experimental method in controlled conditions
• What does Miller's research exemplify?

  The use of standardized procedures in experiments
• What is a limitation of the cognitive approach regarding inference?

  It may be regarded as unscientific
• Why do behaviorists criticize the cognitive approach?

  It relies on subjective inferences
• What is an issue with ecological validity in cognitive research?

  Research often lacks mundane realism
• How does machine reductionism affect the cognitive approach?

  It reduces mental processing to mechanical functions
• What does machine reductionism overlook?

  The irrationality in emotional behaviors