5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions

• What led to political and philosophical conflicts in the age of new ideas?

  New ideas led to political and philosophical conflicts
• How did Edmund Burke and Joseph de Maistre view revolutions?

  They viewed revolutions as bloody and disruptive
• What was the response of common people to conservative efforts against revolutionary change?

  They desired constitutional government and democratic practices
• What key ideals did new governments respond to in the 19th century?

  Progress, reason, and natural law
• What philosophical roots inspired the American Revolution?

  European Enlightenment philosophy
• What economic ideas influenced the American Revolution?

  Physiocrats' defense of free market ideas
• How did colonial legislatures contribute to American independence?

  They made decisions usually made by Parliament
• What geographical factor contributed to the American colonists' desire for independence?

  Great distances from Parliament and the king
• What did the Declaration of Independence express?

  The philosophy behind the colonists' fight against British rule
• Who inspired Thomas Jefferson's phrase "unalienable rights" in the Declaration of Independence?

  John Locke
• What rights did Jefferson identify as unalienable?

  Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
• What was the outcome of the American Revolution in 1783?

  The colonists triumphed with France's help
• Who occupied New Zealand before European colonization?

  The Maori people
• What was the impact of British colonization on the Maori?

  Increased control over Maori affairs and land pressure
• What were the New Zealand Wars a result of?

  Conflicts between Maori and British over land
• What slogan summarized the revolutionary ideals in France during the 1780s?

  Liberté, égalité, et fraternité
• What economic issues contributed to the French Revolution?

  France's long-term overspending and debt
• What meeting did the French government call in 1789 to address financial issues?

  Estates-General
• What caused the commoners to break away from the Estates-General?

  Inequality in voting among the estates
• What was the initial goal of the National Assembly in France?

  To establish a constitutional monarchy
• What significant event occurred on July 14, 1789?

  The storming of the Bastille
• What did the abolition of feudalism signify in France?

  End of feudal privileges and hierarchy
• What document declared basic human rights during the French Revolution?

  Declaration of the Rights of Man
• What led to the establishment of the First French Republic in 1792?

  Dissatisfaction with limited monarchy and radical groups
• What was the Reign of Terror characterized by?

  Execution of thousands of revolution opponents
• Who became emperor of France in 1804?

  Napoleon Bonaparte
• What sparked the Haitian Revolution in the late 18th century?

  Slave revolts against white masters
• Who led the general rebellion against slavery in Haiti?

  Toussaint L'Ouverture
• What was Toussaint L'Ouverture's background?

  Well-read in Enlightenment thought and a capable general
• What was the significance of L'Ouverture's constitution in 1801?

  It granted equality and citizenship to all residents
• What did Haiti do after L'Ouverture's leadership?

  Declared independence in 1804
• What made Haiti unique in terms of independence?

  First black-led country to gain independence
• How did the Haitian and French revolutions differ in their leadership?

  Haitian revolution was led by enslaved people
• Who were the creoles in Latin America?

  People of European ancestry born in the Americas
• What social hierarchy existed in colonial Latin America?

  Creoles, mestizos, peninsulares, and slaves
• What motivated creoles to seek independence from Spain?

  Desire for political power and economic freedom
• Who was Simón Bolívar?

  A leader in the independence of South America
• What was Bolívar's vision for Latin America?

  A federation similar to the United States
• What challenges did newly independent Latin American nations face?

  Rise of caudillos and political instability
• What did the first constitution of Peru restrict?

  Voting rights for non-Spanish literate individuals