Renal System

• What is the primary focus of this session?

  Urinary system anatomy and function
• What is the primary function of the kidneys?

  Produce urine through filtration

  
• What is the nephron's role in the kidney?

  It is the functional unit for urine production

  
• What are the three processes involved in urine formation?

  Filtration, reabsorption, secretion

  
• How does dialysis function in kidney disease?

  It artificially filters blood to remove waste
• What hormones control the renal system?

  ADH, aldosterone, ANH
• What is the average size of a kidney?

  11 x 7 x 3 cm
• Why is the left kidney often larger than the right?

  Due to the positioning of the liver
• What is the function of the ureter?

  Carry urine from kidneys to bladder
• What is the role of the urinary bladder?

  Stores urine arriving via ureters
• What is the hilum of the kidney?

  Indentation for renal artery and nerves
• What is the renal pelvis?

  Enlarged portion of the ureter leaving kidney
• What is the main role of the kidneys?

  Filter blood to produce urine

  
• What is the typical blood flow through the kidney?

  Approximately 1200 mL/min
• What does the renal vein do?

  Carries blood away from the kidney
• What does the renal artery do?

  Brings oxygenated blood to the kidney
• What is the composition of urine?

  ~95% water, ~5% dissolved substances
• What are the main components of the 5% dissolved substances in urine?

  Toxins, nitrogenous waste, hormones, electrolytes
• What is diffusion?

  Movement from high to low concentration

  
• What is osmosis?

  Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane

  
• What is the significance of dynamic equilibrium in diffusion?

  Molecules continue to move evenly in both directions
• What are the three key stages of urine formation?

  Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, secretion

  
• What happens during glomerular filtration?

  Plasma moves from glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule
• What percentage of filtrate is reabsorbed?

  99%
• What substances are primarily reabsorbed during tubular reabsorption?

  Water, salt, calcium, glucose, amino acids
• What is the main purpose of secretion in urine formation?

  Balance fluids and electrolytes in blood
• What is dialysis?

  Artificial filtration of blood to remove waste
• Why is dialysis needed?

  To filter waste when kidneys fail
• How does haemodialysis work?

  Blood passes through a membrane to filter waste
• How often is haemodialysis typically performed?

  Three times a week
• What is peritoneal dialysis?

  Dialysis fluid introduced into the peritoneal cavity
• How many cycles does a patient typically go through in peritoneal dialysis?

  4-6 cycles per day
• What role does the endocrine system play in the renal system?

  Regulates renal function via hormones
• What are the main components of the urinary system?

  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra

  
• What are the primary functions of the kidneys?

  • Produce urine
  • Regulate blood homeostasis
  • Produce hormones (erythropoietin, renin)
• What is the structure of a nephron?

  • Bowman’s capsule
  • Glomerulus
  • Proximal tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting duct
• What are the key processes in urine formation?

  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Secretion

  
• What are the types of dialysis?

  • Haemodialysis
  • Peritoneal dialysis
• What are the main substances found in urine?

  • Water
  • Toxins
  • Nitrogenous waste
  • Hormones
  • Electrolytes
  • Pigments
  • Abnormal elements
• What is the significance of osmosis in urine formation?

  • Water moves from high to low water potential
  • Essential for reabsorption in nephron