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Cards (60)
What are the general characteristics used to distinguish viruses?
Size
and
cultivable
nature
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Why can't viruses be seen with a light microscope?
Because they are
too small
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What is the size range of viruses?
20
nm
to
1000
nm
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How do the small size and cultivable nature of viruses compare to some bacteria?
They are shared with
Rickettsia
and
Chlamydia
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What does it mean for viruses to be obligate intracellular parasites?
They cannot
replicate
outside a
host cell
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What is a distinctive feature of viruses regarding cellular structure?
They have no
cellular structure
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What type of nucleic acid do viruses contain?
Either
RNA
or DNA
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What surrounds the viral genome?
A
protein coat
called
capsid
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How do viruses multiply?
By using the
host cell's
machinery
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What is the impact of viral multiplication on drug development?
It affects
host cell
function
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What are the differences between viruses and bacteria?
Viruses are
obligate intracellular parasites
; bacteria are not.
Viruses lack a
plasma membrane
; bacteria have one.
Viruses do not reproduce by
binary fission
; bacteria do.
Viruses can pass through
bacteriological filters
; bacteria cannot.
Viruses may possess
RNA or DNA
; bacteria possess both.
Viruses lack
ATP-generating metabolism
; bacteria have it.
Viruses do not have
ribosomes
; bacteria do.
Viruses are sensitive to
antibiotics
; bacteria are also sensitive.
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What are the two life cycle stages of every virus?
Replicating
stage and
virion
stage
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What is the role of the capsid in a virus?
It protects the
viral
genome
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What are capsomeres?
Subunits that make up the
capsid
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How are helical viruses shaped?
They are generally
rod-shaped
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What is the shape of polyhedral viruses?
They form
equilateral
triangles
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What is the function of glycoproteins in enveloped viruses?
They assist in
host cell invasion
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What is a complex virus?
A virus with
appendages
for attachment
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What is the significance of the viral genome's nucleic acids?
They can be
DNA
or
RNA
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How do single-stranded RNA viruses differ in their strands?
They can be
+
sense or
-
sense
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What does the Baltimore classification system focus on?
How viruses generate
mRNA
from
genomes
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What are the two classification systems for viruses?
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
(ICTV)
Baltimore
classification
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What is the highest classification level in the ICTV system?
Order
(
-virales
)
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How is poliovirus classified in the ICTV system?
Order
:
Picornavirales
,
Family
:
Picornaviridae
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What is the significance of the Baltimore classification for unassigned viruses?
It provides a method to
classify
them
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What are the key features of the Baltimore classification groups?
Group I:
dsDNA
Group II:
ssDNA
Group III:
dsRNA
Group IV:
(+)ssRNA
Group V:
(-)ssRNA
Group VI:
(+)ssRNA-RT
Group VII:
dsDNA-RT
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What is the role of reverse transcriptase in some viruses?
It synthesizes
dsDNA
from
ssRNA
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How do ICTV and Baltimore classifications complement each other?
ICTV focuses on morphology and pathology.
Baltimore focuses on
mRNA
generation.
Highest classification level is based on Baltimore grouping.
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What is the genome size range of most viruses?
2
kbp
to ~2
Mbp
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How do RNA viral genomes compare to DNA viral genomes?
RNA viral genomes are generally
smaller
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What types of proteins do viral genomes encode?
Structural proteins
and
replication proteins
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What does the host provide for viral replication?
Protein synthesis
,
tRNA
,
ribosomes
, energy
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What happens to the host cell during viral multiplication?
The virus
hijacks
host
machinery
, affecting the cell
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How many daughter virions can arise from one host cell?
Several
thousand
daughter virions
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What are the two alternative mechanisms of viral replication?
Lytic cycle
(host cell dies)
Lysogenic cycle
(host cell lives temporarily)
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What are the five distinct stages of the lytic cycle?
Attachment
Penetration
(entry)
Biosynthesis
Maturation
Release
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What is the first stage of the lytic cycle?
Attachment
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How do T-even phages attach to bacterial cells?
Using
tail fibers
to bind to
cell wall
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What weakens the bacterial cell wall during penetration?
Phage lysozyme
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What happens to the viral DNA during penetration?
It enters the bacterial cell through the
tail core
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See all 60 cards
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