genes

• What is the increased risk of schizophrenia (Sz) if an immediate family member has it?

  10x greater risk
• How many genes are linked with schizophrenia?

  700 genes
• What type of condition is schizophrenia classified as?

  Polygenic condition
• What does it mean that schizophrenia is genetically heterogeneous?

  Different combinations of genes cause the disorder
• What is the concordance rate for MZ twins in schizophrenia?

  48%
• What is the concordance rate for DZ twins in schizophrenia?

  9%
• What did Sullivan (2003) find in his meta-analysis of twin studies regarding heritability?

  81% heritability for schizophrenia
• What did Tieneri (2004) discover about adopted children with biological mothers who had schizophrenia?

  Increased risk of developing the disorder
• What did Ripne (2013) find in his genome-wide study related to schizophrenia?

  22 loci implicated in schizophrenia
• What did Gottesman (1966) find regarding the concordance rates of MZ and DZ twins?

  MZ = 42%, DZ = 14%
• What does a higher concordance rate in MZ twins suggest about schizophrenia?

  Genes are a factor in schizophrenia
• Why is the study of schizophrenia considered reductionist?

  It focuses only on genetic factors
• What does the interaction between nature and nurture imply for schizophrenia?

  Both genetic and environmental factors are involved
• What is a limitation of the concordance rate for DZ twins in schizophrenia?

  Should be 100% if only genetic
• What did Tien (2010) find regarding family history in schizophrenia sufferers?

  Fewer than 1/3 had family history
• Why is the diversity of schizophrenia symptoms a concern for genetic explanations?

  Individual differences are ignored
• What complicates establishing cause and effect in schizophrenia studies?

  Environmental factors are hard to separate