prasitology

• What is the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis?

  Leishmania spp.
• How is Leishmania spp. transmitted?

  By sandflies (Phlebotominae)
• Where does Leishmania spp. live in the host?

  In the phagosomes of macrophages
• What disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi?

  Chagas disease
• How is Trypanosoma cruzi transmitted?

  By bugs (Triatomine)
• Where does Trypanosoma cruzi live in the host?

  Intracellularly in the cytoplasm
• What diseases are caused by Trypanosoma brucei?

  HAT and Nagana
• How is Trypanosoma brucei transmitted?

  By tsetse flies (Glossina)

  
• Where does Trypanosoma brucei live in the host?

  Extracellularly

  
• What is a notable feature of Trypanosoma brucei?

  It has an elaborate system of antigenic variation
• What are the insect-infective trypanosomatids?

  • Hundreds of species known
  • Examples: Crithidia, Herpetomonas, Leptomonas, Blastocrithidia
• What is Phytomonas and its impact?

  • Infects plants
  • Transmitted by insects
  • Causes diseases with major economic impact
• What are the transmission methods for other Trypanosoma species?

  • Biting insects for land animals
  • Leeches for aquatic animals
  • Several cause severe livestock disease
• What are the transmission methods for other Leishmania species?

  • Infect mammals or reptiles
  • Transmitted by sandflies
• What is the distribution of Trypanosoma brucei in human disease?

  Red: T. b. gambiense; Blue: T. b. rhodesiense

  
• Where are the disease foci for Trypanosoma brucei located?

  In Congo and the DRC
• What percentage of reported cases of T. b. gambiense occurred in the DRC?

  At least 70%
• How many new cases were declared in Angola, CAR, Chad, Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Malawi, and South Sudan in 2019?

  Between 10 and 100 new cases
• What countries reported sporadic cases of T. brucei in the last 10 years?

  Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria
• Which countries have not reported any new cases for over a decade?

  Benin, Botswana, Burundi, Ethiopia, Gambia
• What is the impact of unstable social circumstances on disease surveillance?

  Hinders surveillance and diagnostic activities
• What is the causative agent of AAT in cattle?

  1. b. brucei, T. vivax, T. congolense
• How is AAT transmitted?

  By tsetse flies and mechanically by biting flies
• What are the symptoms of stage 2 Trypanosoma brucei infection?

  Anorexia, weakness, psychiatric abnormalities
• What happens during the terminal stages of Trypanosoma brucei infection?

  Coma, convulsions, infections, death

  
• What are the two stages of Trypanosoma brucei disease progression?

  • Stage 1: Hemolymphatic stage
  • Stage 2: Central nervous system invasion

  
• What are the symptoms of Human African Trypanosomiasis?

  Headaches, fever, weakness, sweating
• What is the mortality rate of untreated Human African Trypanosomiasis?

  100% mortality
• What is the diagnosis method for Trypanosoma brucei infection?

  Patient symptoms and parasites in blood

  
• What is the treatment for early stage T. gambiense?

  Pentamidine
• What is the treatment for stage 2 T. gambiense?

  Eflornithine
• What is a notable feature of the eukaryotic flagellum?

  Composed of a 9 + 2 microtubule axoneme

  
• What are the universal properties of trypanosomatids?

  • Parasitic with one or two hosts
  • Kinetoplast containing DNA
  • Distinct metabolic features (glycosome)
  • Shared structural features (flagellum, cytoskeleton)
• Why is motility important for Trypanosoma brucei?

  • Required for survival in bloodstream
  • Needed for antibody clearance
  • Essential for cell division
  • Important for movement in tsetse fly
• What happens to mutant cells with uncoordinated flagellum beating?

  Cannot colonize proventriculus or differentiate
• What is the conclusion about motility in Trypanosome infection?

  • Essential for movement through tsetse fly
  • Required for completion of life cycle

  
• What is the process of Trypanosome differentiation in the tsetse fly?

  • Epimastigotes differentiate into metacyclic forms
  • Metacyclic forms can infect mammals

  
• What is the significance of cell division in Trypanosomes?

  • Asymmetric division produces large and small cells
  • Important for life cycle progression
• How do Trypanosomes colonize the tsetse fly gut?

  • Move from midgut to proventriculus
  • Colonize different gut segments over time

  
• What methods are used to collect migratory forms of Trypanosomes?

  • Teasing apart gut segments
  • Allowing flies to probe onto slides