victims of crime

• What is the definition of a victim in victimology?

  Someone who has suffered harm through illegal acts
• What did Christie argue about the term 'victim'?


  'Victim' is a socially constructed category
• How does the media stereotype the ideal victim?

  As a weak, blameless individual
• What are the two approaches to victimology?

  • Positivist victimology
  • Critical victimology
• What does positivist victimology seek to identify?

  Patterns in victimisation and victim characteristics
• What is victim proneness?

  Characteristics making a victim more vulnerable
• What did Wolfgang study regarding victim precipitation?


  588 murders where victims triggered events
• Why is positivist victimology criticized?

  It appears to blame victims for their victimisation
• What does critical victimology focus on?

  Structural factors like poverty and patriarchy
• How does the criminal justice process affect victim labeling?

  Some individuals are labeled victims, others are not
• What did Tombs & White find regarding employer violations?


  Employers' violations often blamed on workers
• How does the failure to label victims relate to Marxism?

  It conceals the extent of victimisation and its causes
• What percentage of the population are repeat victims of crime?

  4% of the population
• Which groups are more likely to be repeat victims?

  Less powerful groups
• How does class affect victimisation?

  The poor are more likely to be victims
• Which age group is more vulnerable to crime?

  The young are more vulnerable
• Which ethnic groups are at greater risk of victimisation?

  Minority groups compared to whites
• Who is at greater risk of violent attacks?

  Males are at greater risk
• Who is more likely to be victims of domestic violence?

  Females are more likely to be victims
• What is a potential consequence of hate crimes on communities?

  They create a climate of fear
• What is secondary victimisation?

  Further victimisation in the criminal justice system
• How can crime create irrational fears?

  Fear of becoming a victim may arise
• What do feminists criticize about the 'fear of crime' narrative?

  It focuses on women's passivity instead of safety