addinital reading

• What years did Henry VII reign?

  1485–1509
• What was Henry VII known for according to Steven Gunn?

  Setting the blueprint for a dynasty
• What years did Henry VIII reign?

  1509–1547
• How is Henry VIII described by George Bernard?

  As a warrior king
• Who did Henry VIII take the fight to?

  Frenchmen, Scots, counsellors, wives, and Rome
• What years did Edward VI reign?

  1547–1553
• How is Edward VI characterized by Ralph Houlbrooke?

  As a boy king and religious zealot
• What significant change did Edward VI steer England towards?

  Towards Protestantism
• What years did Mary I reign?

  1553–1558
• How is Mary I described by Anna Whitelock?

  As a pioneering monarch
• What is the popular perception of Mary I according to the text?

  As 'Bloody Mary'
• What years did Elizabeth I reign?

  1558–1603
• How is Elizabeth I characterized by Susan Doran?

  As the great unifier
• What challenges did Elizabeth I face during her reign?

  Enemies on all sides
• What did Elizabeth I manage to do despite her challenges?

  Unite her country as a Protestant martial power
• Who presented a declaration of war to Henry VIII on August 11, 1513?

  Lyon Herald
• What did Henry VIII declare about Scotland in response to the declaration of war?

  He claimed to be the owner of Scotland
• What impression do many historians have about Henry VIII's policy towards Scotland?

  They believe he aimed to unite the kingdoms
• According to Richard Evans, what did Henry VIII believe he could do with Scotland?

  He believed he might annex Scotland
• How do historians J.J. Scarisbrick and David Head view Henry's policy towards Scotland?

  They see it as lacking coherence
• What did Henry VIII primarily focus on in his foreign policy interests?

  His interests lay on the Continent
• What did Henry VIII use to secure Scotland's acquiescence?

  Threats and military raids
• What opportunity for union did David Head argue was squandered by Henry's bullying?

  The cultural and religious closeness of England and Scotland
• What was the outcome of the battle at Flodden Field in September 1513?

  It was a catastrophe for Scotland
• Who was killed in the aftermath of the battle at Flodden Field?

  James IV and at least 5000 others
• What does the lack of a Scottish counter-invasion indicate about Henry's ambitions?

  It shows his lack of ambition for Scotland
• How did Henry VIII's policy towards Scotland aim to support his continental ambitions?

  By imposing his will to secure his northern border
• Who was the new king of Scotland after James IV?

  James V
• What was Queen Margaret's relationship to Henry VIII?

  She was his sister
• What did the Scottish nobility do in response to Queen Margaret's marriage to Archibald Douglas?

  They offered the post of Governor to John Stuart
• How did Henry VIII's lack of interest in Scotland affect the 'auld alliance'?


  It strengthened the 'auld alliance'
• When was Cardinal Thomas Wolsey appointed as Henry's Lord Chancellor?

  Christmas Eve 1515
• What was the primary focus of Henry VIII's diplomacy after Wolsey's appointment?

  The situation on the Continent
• What was the outcome of Albany's attempts to impose order in Scotland?

  He faced resistance from the Hume family
• What happened when Henry renewed his onslaught on France in 1522?

  Albany was instructed to open a second front
• How many men did Albany initially have when he returned to the border in October 1523?

  About 4000 men
• What was the result of Albany's campaign in October 1523?

  He was unable to advance beyond Werk castle
• Who doubts whether policy was imposed on Henry VIII?

  John Guy
• Why is the choice of a ruler's ministers important?

  It depends on the ruler's shrewdness
• What debate has arisen regarding Henry VIII and his ministers?

  Whether policy was dictated by the king or advisers