AO3

• What is a limitation of the theory regarding data reliability?

  The data may be unreliable due to bias
• What type of data was collected by Schaffer and Emerson?

  Self-report data from mothers
• Why might mothers' reports be biased?

  They may not follow the same procedures
• What does systematic bias in data imply?

  It reduces the validity of the findings
• When do children typically become capable of multiple attachments?

  This is still not entirely clear
• What did Bowlby believe about primary attachments?

  They have special significance
• How does Rutter's view differ from Bowlby's regarding attachment figures?

  All attachment figures are equivalent
• What cultural limitation does the theory have?

  It may only apply to individualist cultures
• How do collectivist cultures differ in childcare practices?

  They value group needs over individual needs
• What did Sagi et al's research find about children in communal environments?

  They had less close attachments to mothers
• What is a problem with stage theories of attachment?

  They suggest inflexible development stages
• What does the theory state about the order of attachments?

  Single attachments come before multiple attachments
• How might individual differences affect attachment stages?

  Not everyone experiences stages the same way
• What is a limitation of the sample used in Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  It was drawn from a single district and class
• Why is the historical context of the sample a problem?

  Child-rearing practices have changed over time
• What is the issue with external validity in this study?

  Results do not generalize well to other contexts
• What are the different sampling methods in research?

  • Opportunity Sample: Uses easily accessible participants
  • Random Sample: Equal chance for all in population
  • Stratified Sample: Proportional representation of subgroups
  • Systematic Sample: Selects every nth person from a list
  • Volunteer Sample: Participants self-select to join
• What are the strengths and limitations of opportunity sampling?

  Strengths:

  • Quick and easy to gather participants

  Limitations:

  • Biased, drawn from a small part of the population
• What are the strengths and limitations of random sampling?

  Strengths:

  • Unbiased selection of participants

  Limitations:

  • Requires a complete list of the population
• What are the strengths and limitations of stratified sampling?

  Strengths:

  • More representative of the population

  Limitations:

  • Time-consuming to identify and contact subgroups
• What are the strengths and limitations of systematic sampling?

  Strengths:

  • Unbiased selection using an objective system

  Limitations:

  • Not truly random unless starting point is random
• What are the strengths and limitations of volunteer sampling?

  Strengths:

  • Access to a variety of participants

  Limitations:

  • Sample may be biased due to self-selection
• What are the stages of attachment according to Schaffer and Emerson?

  1. Asocial: 0-6 weeks
  2. Indiscriminate: 6 weeks-7 months
  3. Specific: 7-9 months
  4. Multiple: 9 months onwards
• What are the key evaluations of Schaffer’s research into stages of attachment?

  • Stage theories may misrepresent development
  • Sample lacks population and temporal validity
  • Conflicting views on attachment significance
  • Cultural variations affect child-rearing practices
  • Data reliability issues due to maternal bias