Gnb ii

• What genus does Acinetobacter spp. belong to?

  Acinetobacter
• Where are Acinetobacter spp. commonly found?

  In warm, moist, and dry environments
• Which hospital items can harbor Acinetobacter spp.?

  Respiratory therapy equipment
• What is a common location for Acinetobacter spp. in hospitals?

  On the hands of hospital staff
• What is the mean survival time of German clinical isolates of Acinetobacter?

  27 days
• How long can A. baumannii strains survive on a hospital bed rail after patient discharge?

  9 days
• What is the morphology of Acinetobacter spp.?

  Gram-negative bacilli

  
• Why are Acinetobacter spp. frequently misidentified?

  They retain crystal violet during staining
• What type of organisms are Acinetobacter spp.?

  Aerobic and non-motile
• What allows Acinetobacter spp. to grow on routine laboratory media?

  Ability to use various carbon sources
• What is a virulence factor of Acinetobacter spp.?

  Growth in acidic pH
• What is a characteristic of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

  Obligate aerobes
• What color pigment does Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce?

  Green to green-blue
• What test is positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

  Oxidase test
• What is a primary determinant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors?

  Health status of the human host
• What are the virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

  • Alginate: Antiphagocytic
  • LPS: Endotoxic
  • Pili: Biofilm formation
  • Flagella: Motility
  • Type III secretion: Intoxicates cells
  • Siderophore receptors: Iron acquisition
  • Secreted toxins: Inhibit protein synthesis
• What diseases are commonly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

  Wound infections and pneumonia
• What is the antibiotic treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

  Aminoglycosides like Gentamicin
• What is the morphology of Haemophilus influenzae?

  Small, motile, GN coccobacilli
• What is a virulence factor of Haemophilus influenzae?

  Capsular polysaccharide
• What disease is associated with Haemophilus influenzae type B?

  Meningitis
• What is the antibiotic treatment for Haemophilus influenzae?

  Ampicillin
• What disease is caused by Vibrio cholera?

  Cholera
• What is a virulence factor of Vibrio cholera?

  Heat-labile enterotoxin
• What is the treatment for Vibrio cholera?

  Tetracycline
• What is the morphology of Helicobacter pylori?

  Curved, microaerophilic gram-negative rods

  
• What allows Helicobacter pylori to survive in the stomach?

  Urease activity generating ammonium ions
• What disease is associated with Helicobacter pylori?

  Peptic ulcers
• What is the treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection?

  Combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors
• What are the two clinically important Neisseria species?

  Neisseria gonorrhoeae and meningitidis
• What disease does Neisseria gonorrhoeae cause?

  Gonorrhea
• What is the antibiotic treatment for Neisseria infections?

  Penicillin-G

  
• What are the antibiotic resistance trends for the bacteria discussed?

  • Acinetobacter baumannii: Increasing resistance
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Notable resistance patterns
  • Haemophilus influenzae: Resistance to common antibiotics
  • Vibrio cholera: Resistance to tetracycline
  • Helicobacter pylori: Resistance to standard treatments