General Chemistry - Organic

• What is the first rule for drawing organic compounds?

  Draw chains of atoms as zig-zags.
• Why are carbon atoms not shown in organic compound drawings?

  They are assumed at line ends and intersections.

  
• What should be shown when drawing hydrogen atoms in organic compounds?

  Show hydrogen atoms attached to other atoms.

  
• What is the angle used when drawing chains of atoms?

  120° angles
• How are 3D structures represented in organic chemistry drawings?

  Wedge bonds project forwards, dashed bonds backwards.

  
• What is the term for the method of drawing zig-zags in organic compounds?

  Skeletal representation
• What does the suffix in IUPAC naming indicate?

  It indicates the family of the compound.
• What does the prefix in IUPAC naming describe?

  What and where the substituents are.
• How are substituents numbered in IUPAC naming?

  Starting at the carbon with the highest atomic number.
• What is the rule for naming unbranched alkanes?

  Named according to the number of carbon atoms.
• How do branched alkanes derive their parent name?

  From the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms.
• What is the significance of the highest priority functional group in naming?

  It assigns the compound's family and ends the name.
• What is the suffix for carboxylic acids?

  -oic acid
• What does polarity relate to in organic compounds?

  It relates to melting and boiling points, solubility.
• What is a functional group in organic chemistry?

  A specific group of atoms responsible for reactions.
• How does polarity affect the solubility of organic molecules?

  Polar molecules tend to dissolve in water.
• What are isomers?

  Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.
• What is the difference between structural and stereoisomers?

  Structural isomers differ in atom connections.
• What is conformational isomerism?

  Isomers interconverted by rotations about single bonds.
• What are enantiomers?

  Non-superimposable mirror images of compounds.

  
• What is hybridization in chemistry?

  Mixing atomic orbitals to form new orbitals.

  
• What type of bond is formed by head-on overlap of atomic orbitals?

  Sigma bond

  
• What is the shape of sp3 hybridized orbitals?

  Tetrahedral shape

  
• How many new orbitals are formed during hybridization?

  Equal to the number of atomic orbitals mixed.
• What is the significance of hybridization for carbon in methane?

  It allows carbon to form four equivalent bonds.
• What happens to the energy of orbitals during hybridization?

  The energy of orbitals changes and lowers.
• What is the arrangement of sp3 hybridized orbitals in a molecule with three atoms and a lone pair?

  They are arranged tetrahedrally.

  
• How many sp3 hybrid orbitals are formed from atomic orbitals?

  4 sp3 hybrid orbitals

  
• What does each sp3 hybrid orbital contain?

  1 electron that can pair with H

  
• What happens when carbon bonds to four other atoms?

  It hybridizes its 2s and 2p orbitals

  
• What is the shape of sp3 hybrid orbitals?

  Between 2s and 2p, one large lobe

  
• What is the relationship between the number of hybrid orbitals and the number of atomic orbitals mixed?

  They always have the same total number
• How does hybridization affect the energy of orbitals?

  Energy changes as orbitals mix
• What is the significance of equal energy in bonding?

  It leads to equal bonding strength
• Which elements can exhibit sp3 hybridization?

  First-row elements bonded to four atoms
• What happens to bond angles in sp3 hybridization with lone pairs?

  Bond angles are compressed due to repulsion

  
• What is the ideal bond angle for tetrahedral geometry?

  109.5 degrees

  
• What are the bond angles in ammonia (NH3)?

  107 degrees due to lone pairs
• How does the molecular geometry of water differ from ammonia?

  Water is bent due to two lone pairs

  
• How many hybrid orbitals does a tetrahedral carbon have?

  4 hybrid orbitals