5.3- hormonal coordination in humans

• What is the name of the body’s coordination system that involves hormones?

  The endocrine system
• What type of organ secretes hormones?

  Glands
• What is a hormone?

  A chemical messenger secreted by a gland
• Which gland controls many other glands in the body?

  The pituitary gland
• Why is the pituitary gland considered a ‘master gland’?

  It secretes hormones that stimulate other glands
• What is the role of the thyroid gland in the endocrine system?

  Secretes thyroxine to control metabolism
• What are the roles of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system?

  • Secretes human growth hormone
  • Stimulates the thyroid gland
  • Stimulates ovulation and oestrogen production
  • Stimulates sperm production and testosterone
• What is the role of the pancreas in the endocrine system?

  Secretes insulin to control blood glucose
• What is the role of the adrenal gland in the endocrine system?

  Secretes adrenaline for 'fight or flight'
• What is the role of the testes in the endocrine system?

  Secrete testosterone for sperm production
• What is the role of the ovaries in the endocrine system?

  Secrete oestrogen for menstrual cycle
• Which organ monitors and controls blood glucose concentration?

  The pancreas
• How does the pancreas respond when blood glucose levels are too high?

  It secretes insulin to lower glucose
• How is blood glucose concentration controlled using a negative feedback loop?

  • Hormone secreted by pancreas when levels change
  • Insulin or glucagon helps restore correct levels
• How does the pancreas respond when blood glucose levels are too low?

  It secretes glucagon to raise glucose
• What is Type 1 diabetes?

  An autoimmune disorder affecting insulin production
• How can Type 1 diabetes be treated?

  • Insulin injections before meals
  • Limiting carbohydrate intake
  • Pancreas transplants and genetic engineering
• How can Type 2 diabetes be treated?

  • Controlled diet
  • Regular exercise
  • Weight loss and medication
• What is Type 2 diabetes?

  A disorder where cells stop responding to insulin
• What is the function of reproductive hormones during puberty?

  • Males: development of secondary sexual characteristics
  • Females: maturation of eggs and secondary sexual characteristics
• What is the main female reproductive hormone?

  Oestrogen
• What is the main male reproductive hormone?

  Testosterone
• What is the menstrual cycle?

  The monthly cycle of physiological changes in females
• Describe the events of the menstrual cycle.

  • Uterus lining thickens, eggs mature
  • Ovulation occurs, uterus lining remains thick
  • If not fertilized, egg and lining shed
• Name the four main hormones involved in the menstrual cycle.

  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinising hormone (LH)
• What is ovulation?

  The release of a mature egg from ovaries
• What is the role of FSH in the menstrual cycle?

  Controls maturation of eggs and triggers oestrogen
• What is the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

  Regrows uterus lining and triggers LH production
• What are the four main hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?

  Oestrogen, Progesterone, FSH, LH
• What is ovulation?

  Release of a mature egg from ovaries
• How often does ovulation occur?

  Approximately every 28 days
• Where is FSH secreted from?

  Pituitary gland
• What is the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

  Regrowth of uterus lining and triggers LH
• What does oestrogen restrict in the menstrual cycle?

  Release of more FSH
• What is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

  Sustains uterus lining and inhibits FSH and LH
• Where is progesterone secreted from?

  Follicle of the ovary
• What is the role of LH in the menstrual cycle?

  Triggers ovulation
• Where is LH produced?

  Pituitary gland
• What is contraception?

  Method of preventing pregnancy
• What are the two types of oral contraceptives?

  Combined pill and mini pill