Medicine

• What year did the Black Death hit Britain?

  1348
• In which decade was the first British printing press established?

  1440s
• Who published 'The Fabric of the Human Body' and in what year?

  Vesalius in 1543
• What significant work did Harvey publish in 1628?

  'On the motion of the heart and blood'
• When was the Royal Society founded?

  1660
• What major event occurred in London in 1665?

  The Great Plague
• Who wrote 'Medical Observations' and in what year?

  Sydenham in 1676
• What year did Jenner publish his vaccination findings?

  1798
• What discovery did James Simpson make in 1847?

  Chloroform
• When was smallpox vaccination made compulsory?

  1853
• What did John Snow publish in 1855?

  On the mode of communication of cholera
• What significant work did Florence Nightingale publish in 1859?

  'Notes on Nursing'
• What year did Pasteur publish the Germ Theory?

  1861
• What was enacted in 1875 that impacted public health?

  Public Health Act
• Who identified anthrax spores and in what year?

  Robert Koch in 1876
• What is the time period for medicine in Medieval England discussed in the notes?

  C.1250-C.1500
• What were the main ideas about the causes of disease from 1250 to 1500?

  • Miasma: bad air and bad smell
  • Four Humours Theory: yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, blood
  • Supernatural: demons and evil spirits
  • Religion: punishment from God
  • Astrology: used for diagnosis
• What does the term 'miasma' refer to in medieval medicine?

  Bad air and bad smell
• What are the four humours in medieval medicine?

  Yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, blood
• What supernatural causes were believed to contribute to disease?

  Demons and evil spirits
• How did religion influence beliefs about disease in medieval England?

  It was seen as punishment from God
• What role did astrology play in medieval medicine?

  Used to diagnose diseases
• What was the influence of the church on medicine during medieval times?

  • Dominated medieval society
  • Controlled information flow
  • Promoted Galen's theories
  • Made dissection illegal
  • Limited anatomical knowledge
• Why did the church prevent the study of dissection?

  Believed bodies must be intact for heaven
• How did the church's beliefs affect medical progress in medieval times?

  Resulted in very little change in medicine
• What were the common religious and supernatural beliefs about disease?

  Diseases were punishments or tests from God
• What were common cures for diseases believed to be caused by sin?

  Prayer and confessions
• What was the belief regarding witches and demons in relation to disease?

  They were thought to cause diseases
• How were diseases thought to be cured if caused by evil spirits?

  Through exorcisms performed by the church
• What is astrology's definition in the context of medieval medicine?

  Movements of planets affect Earth and people
• When was astrology introduced to Europe?

  Between 1100 and 1300
• What did the almanac show doctors in relation to astrology?

  How astrology related to patients' diseases
• What are the four humours and their associations?

  • Blood: air, spring, wet, hot
  • Yellow bile: fire, summer, dry, hot
  • Black bile: earth, autumn, dry, cold
  • Phlegm: water, winter, cold, wet
• Who created the theory of the four humours?

  Hippocrates
• What did Galen contribute to the theory of the four humours?

  Suggested diseases were caused by imbalances
• How are the four humours linked to seasons and elements?

  Each humour corresponds to a season and element
• What does the Miasma Theory propose causes disease?

  Bad air causes disease
• What sources were believed to produce bad air according to the Miasma Theory?

  Human refuse, abattoirs, dead bodies
• From which civilizations did the Miasma Theory originate?

  Ancient Greece and Rome
• How did the Miasma Theory influence public health practices?

  It helped develop more hygienic habits