n

• What is the rate of reaction?

  How quickly a reaction happens
• How is the rate of reaction calculated?

  Change in quantity divided by time
• What can be measured to determine the rate of reaction?

  Mass of reactant used or product formed
• What does increased turbidity indicate in a reaction?

  The solution becomes cloudy
• What happens to the time taken for a reaction at higher temperatures?

  It decreases
• What is a gas syringe used for in experiments?

  To measure volume of gas produced
• What does a graph of reaction volume versus time typically look like?

  A curve that starts steep and levels out
• How can you find the rate of reaction at a specific time using a graph?

  Draw a tangent at that point
• What effect does increasing concentration have on reaction rate?

  It increases the rate of reaction
• Why does increasing temperature increase reaction rate?

  Particles move more quickly and collide more
• What is the role of a catalyst in a reaction?

  It reduces activation energy needed
• What happens in a reversible reaction?

  Products can return to original reactants
• What is the example of a reversible reaction mentioned?

  The Haber process
• What does Le Chatelier's principle state?

  Systems adjust to counteract changes
• What happens if pressure is increased in a reaction with more moles on the left?

  It favors the forward reaction
• How does temperature affect endothermic and exothermic reactions?

  Higher temperature favors endothermic reactions
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C$_n$H$_{2n+2}$
• What do all alkane names end with?

  -ane
• What is the process used to separate crude oil into fractions?

  Fractional distillation
• Why do longer alkanes have higher boiling points?

  Stronger intermolecular forces require more energy
• What is LPG?

  Liquid petroleum gas
• What is produced during complete combustion of alkanes?

  Carbon dioxide and water
• What is the difference in viscosity between longer and shorter fractions?

  Longer fractions are more viscous
• What is a polymer?

  A long chain made from repeating units
• What is the functional group of an alkene?

  C=C (carbon-carbon double bond)
• How can you test for an alkene?

  Add bromine water and observe color change
• What happens when an alkene reacts with water?

  It forms an alcohol
• What is cracking in organic chemistry?

  Breaking longer alkanes into shorter ones
• What is catalytic cracking?

  Cracking with a catalyst at lower temperatures
• What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

  -COOH
• What is produced when an alcohol is oxidized?

  A carboxylic acid
• What is the name of the polymer made from ethene?

  Polyethene
• What is condensation polymerization?

  Joining monomers with water produced
• What are amino acids?

  Building blocks of proteins
• What is DNA?

  A molecule that stores genetic code
• What is chromatography used for?

  Separating substances in a mixture
• What are the key factors affecting the rate of reaction?

  • Concentration of reactants
  • Pressure of gas reactants
  • Surface area of solid reactants
  • Temperature
  • Presence of a catalyst
• What are the steps of fractional distillation of crude oil?

  1. Heat crude oil to evaporate
  2. Gases rise in the fractionating column
  3. Different lengths condense at different heights
  4. Collect fractions based on boiling points
• What are the uses of different fractions from crude oil?

  • LPG: Fuel for heating
  • Petrol: Fuel for cars
  • Kerosene: Jet fuel
  • Diesel: Fuel for lorries
  • Heavy fuel oil: Fuel for ships
• What are the properties of alkanes and alkenes?

  • Alkanes: Saturated, single bonds, less reactive
  • Alkenes: Unsaturated, double bonds, more reactive